Holly Farm

Holly Farm A Diminishing profits of their business from milk and cereals activities trigger Fred and Gillian to decide to open up dairy and arable mixed farm for the demand of paying public. For the new business to be successful they devote all their saving and their time. They take different responsibility for each of them and when Fred continued to run the commercial farming business Gillian took responsibility in making the factory to be suitable for the tour. The rough advertisement and creating awareness to the public the number of visitors to the farm increases through the years.Gillian, who is responsible or the farm to the public each year from April to October inclusive. Other than this period conditions are not suitable to visit so it will not be opened for the public. Through experience Gillian conclude that Saturday and Sunday are a high visiting season Ads than other days in a week The milking parlous which concern So Fred constitute 150 cows to milk. For the visiting pu rpose a player' is build which have facilitate that ease displays on the tour and it lasts be from 4:30 pm to 7:00 PM.HERE Gillian complains on this situation that early visitors come before 4:00 pm that neither Fred nor the cows are repaired eve if most of the visitors wait patiently till to open. Concerning about the ice-cream factory. It is operated 48 weeks per year and three employees who are farm workers wives are responsible to work in line with farm opening from April to October. The maximum capacity of the equipment found in the factory is 350 liters of ice-cream per day. And the stock rotation allowed in practice is not above 7000 liters. The recommended storage time is twelve weeks prior to retail sale.From the comment of Gillian farm shop only visitors are surprisingly regular customer of sales. Her report room experiences started that the demand on average is one out of two customer buys a one liter box. With a farm shop retail price $ 2. 00 per box, a car comes with fo ur occupants, and two one -liter boxes are purchased. The other customers for ice-cream sales are farm shop only visitors. There is a separate, fenced road entrance that allows local customers to purchase good at a separate counter of the farm shop without payment to the other farm facilities.At last when Gillian forward her findings, on 1998 the factory able a small return on capital employed and hence a reform must be made to increase profitability ¶y'. To make the investment work better her first and ultimate decision is to increase the number of natural flavors from four to ten and the other is to increase farm visitors by 50% that can help the farm to meet the target. She conclude that I don't expect that fully to halt the decline in our sales to these outlets, and this is reflected in our sales forecast. Hen the form opened officially in 1993 Gillian took responsibility for visitors to come and visit the farm area asset is a farm to the paying public l. Order to increase the visitors Gillian a face saturation at first which is a low demand season were visitors are conditional for unsuitable regular tractor rides and of the animals being kept inside Gillian attempt to solve the situation by increasing the number of farm visitors to 50 percent in 1 999 that she intended to improve return on farm tour assets.Regarding to increasing farm four she had also to choose whether to promote sales to coach firms or to focus on advertisement for attracting more local families in car. The milking parlous, the activity concerning to Fred, usually lasts form 4:30 p. To 07:00 pm gallery which is purposely built to exhibit this activity for visitors displays teen the indicated time interval. Here Gillian face another problem that sometimes on Saturdays and Sundays visitors' arrival early before 4:pm but unfortunately nothing is ready to display.Even it most people are patient enough to wait until the activity are patient enough to wait until the activity to be opened it is obvious that this affect the return to farm tours on aggregate. Evaluating Shilling's proposal to increase the number of farm visitors in 1999 by 50 percent when Shilling's propose to increase the number of visitors she forest sales by taking sales of 1 998 as a base year. Taking 1998 as a base for January to December to evaluate the forecast.Even if the data on the appendix gives no separate records that separate sales to the paying farm visitors and to those who only visit the farm shop, Shilling's statement about the average sales to a paying farm visitors which says from two visitors one probably buy a one litter ice-cream gives a clue for evaluation purpose.

Possibility of a terrorist attack is real in any nation in the world

Possibility of a terrorist attack is real in any nation in the world more so in the United States and all other nation that seem to support our policies. Though this country has been a victim in the past we may not be in a position to guarantee that we can not be stricken again, it can happen anytime as the terrorist have been known to strike at the least expected time and in the least expected places.I will be quick to point out that in the recent future there has been a trend as far as terrorist attacks are concerned. They have been targeting specific places with the most prone areas being the crowded areas. Their aim is to cause as much panic as possible. In the previous terror attacks lives has been lost and massive destruction of property witnessed in all these instances.There have been growing fears that terrorist might strike key economic infrastructures in this country. This has caused great fear as such an attack could bring cascading and social impacts. In this paper I will describe a hypothetical nuclear terrorist attack giving a clear analysis on its effect on various aspects of American systems.Nuclear attack has never been a comfortable subject in America, it is feared that such a thing would inflict damage that has never been witnessed in the American history. The fact remains that such an attack is possible in the American soil and the perpetrators of such an attack would be aiming to strike in an areas where they would cause the greatest damage ever having the kind of effects never seen before. The infrastructure in the picture would be one which carries a big number of people at one particular time; in this case I will assume an airport would be the key target.At one given time there are beehive activities in the key airports in the country. Many people are traveling from one point to the other not forgetting that there are others who are permanently located in such a facility either as workers of a particular airline or even there to provide security for the passengers. The point is that the human traffic is always high. (Allison, G 2005)If such an attack occurred ,it would be at the least expected time, though our country security systems have the mechanisms to detect terrorist intention and prevent them before they occur they are not always hundred percent accurate, therefore at times they might miss some of the details.The attack given its nature would have catastrophic effects a whole airport might be destroyed as a result of the blast and fires; this would not spare the adjacent infrastrucres also. Deaths would be as a result of either as a result of the fire or due to the radiation poisoning that would occur given the nature of the attack.The effects of such an attack would be devastating both in the short term and long time. The deaths that would occur from such a catastrophic incidence would be many given the target and the type of weapon that have been used. Nuclear weapons are very dangerous as they have very lethal effects not only on a short term period but also in the future due to the radioactive materials involved. It would pose a danger for those who were directly involved in the accident and also those who would come in to help in the evacuation process.It is a kind of a situation that many would not want to imagine can happen in our country but given that nuclear technology is available in the so called the rogue states such an attack can occur in our soil. Evacuation would not just be a simple process since the chemicals involved are very dangerous, it would require some specialized equipment to avoid contamination of those involved. Such equipment does not come cheaply therefore the cost involved in the process would be high meaning this would have some serious economic implications in the future.The massive destruction of property would occur meaning the important infrastructure would be destroyed paralyzing the entire operations of the airport and its adjacent premises. This would eventually affect the economic activities in the area and beyond since transport and other activities would be affected. Terror attacks bring some very unpleasant effects on those affected.The terrorist intention is to make the targets psychologically tormented if not physically injured, nuclear terrorist attack would have even more effects given it nature, the effects would be long term as the chemicals involved are very dangerous, it would affect those who were present at the time of the incidence and also those who were not there and may come into contact with the radioactive rays emitted during the attack. (Leventhal, P and Yonah, A 1986)The security systems of this country would be largely be affected knowing that such an attack would be hard to tackle as it might be impossible to send army to fight nuclear terrorists given that most of them are well organized groups which are sponsored by the rogue states. It would bring new challenges as far as war on terror is concerne d.This might not be unexpected but it poses a serious threat on our security system. They need to be up to the challenge, since they have concentrated too much energy fighting other type of terrorism such that much resource has not been used to address such an issue.The system would have to prepare itself enough to meet the challenges posed b y this type of the welfare. They have to come up with the strategy to detect and prevent such a catastrophic attack in future.A terrorist if this magnitude occurring in our country would definitely mean that our security system has been lapse as they were not able to detect it early. Given it nature which would require a lot of preparation before hand making it easy for the security personnel to smell a rat and take the necessary action.The fact that it has occurred may most likely indicate that much was not done or some of them were involved. This would call for a serious mitigation measures to be taken so as to prevent such an attack in the f uture and if possible or as it should be, thorough security checks as provided by the law carried out to avoid such a disaster.

Making Salt Lab

Let’s Make Salt Purpose: Could NaCl be made using NaHCO3, hydrochloric acid, and a boiling chip? Hypothesis: If I combined NaHCO3, hydrochloric acid, and a boiling chip I think it will form NaCl because when you balance the equation it makes a new chemical reaction. Materials needed: test tube cleaner, test tube, test tube tongs, hot plate, a scale, graduated cylinder, water, goggles, fire retardant glove, beaker, test tube holder, a scoopula, hydrochloric acid, sodium bicarbonate, soap, pipette, and a boiling chip. Procedures: 1.Clean your test tube with a test tube cleaner, soap, and water. Make sure the test tube is clean and dry. 2. Place a boiling chip in the test tube and measure it. 3. Add 1g of NaHCO3(sodium bicarbonate) to the test tube with the scoopula, then measure. 4. Take about 5mL of hydrochloric acid in your graduated cylinder. Using your pipette add the hydrochloric acid to the NaHCO3. It will start to bubble, when the bubbling stops, don’t add anymore acid. 5. Once the bubbling stops, swirl what’s inside the test tube to be sure everything mixes together. 6.Place the test tube in a beaker with water. It will start to boil. Continue letting it boil until all liquid is evaporated out of the test tube. 7. Once the test tube cools off measure what’s inside the test tube. 8. Place the test tube back inside the beaker on the hot plate for 2-3 minutes. 9. Allow the test tube to cool and re-weigh it again. Observation/Data: NaHCO3+HClNaCl+H2O+CO2 1gNaHCO3*1molNaHCO3/84gNaHCO3*1molNaCl/1molNaHCO3*58gNaHCO3/1molNaCl=. 6904761905 . 6904761905theoretical yield 1actual yield 1/. 6904761905=1. 448275862 1. 448275862*100=144. 275862 144. 8275862percent yield Mass of test tube & boiling chip| 20g| Mass of test tube, boiling chip & NaHCO3| 21g| Mass of NaHCO3(b-a)| 1g| Mass of test tube & boiling chip NaCl (1st hearing)| 20g| Mass of test tube & boiling chip NaCl (2nd hearing)| 21g| Mass of NaCl (e-a)| 1g| Conclusion: My hypothesis was correct because both substances together formed NaCl in the end. In the lab everything worked out right because in the end none of my masses were the same as I started with. It weighed 20g in the beginning and ended with 21g and the mass of NaCl 1g.

Analyze a photogrpah Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analyze a photogrpah - Essay Example The figure of Ophelia has long been symbolic of the silencing of women in literature and in the larger context of society itself. Crewdson uses the same principle to create his work. It is interesting to note that the artistic representations of Ophelia changes media over time as well. Starting from the famous oil on canvas painting of Ophelia by John Everett Millais, the more haunting painting of Ophelia by Pierre Auguste Cot to the rich, pastoral representation by painter Henry Nelson O’ Neil, the image of the manic depressive drowning herself seemed to have struck a chord with several artists over the ages. Crewdson recognises this timeless quality of the character and chooses to interpret it himself also but in the different, more contemporary, medium of film. Studying the picture closely reveals how the same motif of female suppression persists in history. Here, the scene is not a forest and a river, but a regular drawing room. The drawing room itself, although not overtl y outrageous, is extremely surrealistic and eerie in some ways. The most visible evidence of its unnatural condition, of course, is the water that appears to flood the room. The still water with the woman’s hand partly submerged in it appears almost frozen and lends the entire scene a rigid, menacing quality. The drawing room is heavily furnished, almost stifling.

Standard Deviation as a Risk Indicator for Investment Purposes Essay

Standard Deviation as a Risk Indicator for Investment Purposes - Essay Example 41, 2003). However, over the years, many experts and researchers have also tried to point fingers at this approach trying to highlight its serious shortcomings. This paper is an attempt to capture a glance of that debate and critically analyze the use of standard deviation as a risk indicator for investment purposes. Discussion Standard deviation, in finance, is one of the widely used indicators of risk associated with any given security such as bonds, stocks, properties, commodities and others. Standard deviation allows the investors to predict and anticipate the behaviour of the security in the near future (Bhansali, pp. 34-35, 2010). Simply, standard deviation, which is square of the variance, tells the investors that how much they can expect the price of the security to deviate from its mean returns (Brase & Brase, pp. 10-12, 2011). Therefore, securities with high standard are more likely to show violate behaviour but the ones with low standard deviation are more likely to show c onsistent behaviour. Quite understandably, the former type of securities will have a great risk and later would be less risky (Wander & D'Vari, pp. 36, 2003). Investors are interested in the values of standard deviation because that helps greatly in the process of portfolio construction and management. A risk adverse investor will only select a handful of securities high standard deviation in terms of its returns and mix that up with securities having lower standard deviation in order to offset the impact of risk and enjoy stable returns (Gravetter & Wallnau, pp. 22, 2010). First, the biggest and the most important shortcoming of standard deviation as the measure of investment risk is rooted in the fact that it assumes normal distribution of values and they are poor measures of risk when it comes to asymmetric distribution. In normal distribution, the values are distributed equally to both sides of the graph; however, in any asymmetrical distribution one tail of the graph, either po sitive or negative side has greater concentration of values (Brase & Brase, pp. 10-12, 2011). Therefore, standard deviation fails to give an exact picture of the possible variation in the values. Even the father of the concept of financial engineering, Harry Markowitz has admitted, â€Å"Downside variance is more accurate than standard deviation when it comes to financial risk analysis†. This is true because not only many investing portfolios have asymmetrical distribution but their distribution is skewed positively as well (Haslett, pp. 264, 2010; Connor, Goldberg & Korajczyk, pp. 88-89, 2010). Second, like many other statistical measures of risk computation in finance, standard deviation relies heavily on historical data and there is no guarantee that historical trends will continue in the future as well (Brase & Brase, pp. 10-12, 2011). Furthermore, the period undertaken to calculate standard deviation is also of great importance. For example, the standard deviation of sto cks for the period of 2002-2006 may show lower standard deviations for most of the stocks, however, the standard deviation computed over the last five years will show higher standard deviation for many of the stocks (Gravetter & Wallnau, pp. 22, 2010; Brigham & Houston, pp. 74-75, 2009). Therefore, it

HBC Atlantic Computer Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HBC Atlantic Computer - Case Study Example Jowers must empower the Cardena’s hardware oriented sales force with relevant information regarding the importance of PESA software so that they can use this differentiating element as their major sales principles to convince their customers. For example, DayTraderJournal.com would need at least 4 Ontario server costing overall $11656 [(basic price of $1700 + $1214 cost per server)*4]. Thus, by buying Atlantic package, company would be saving around 50% of the initial expenses on servers and $3642 of annual recurring cost on 3 servers every year. The target market would react favorably because they would be hugely saving on not only the servers but also the annual expenditures incurred on running the servers. The Atlantic bundle is cost saving because it does the work of 4 Ontario servers, thereby saving extra cost on 3 servers. Moreover, the customers would also be enjoying the exemplary after sales services of Atlantic for which it has already established market

AMP for business and management Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 15000 words

AMP for business and management - Dissertation Example Moreover, one of the main points of importance of the World Trade Organisation lies on its ability to increase the quality of the products and services being offered whilst ensuring that a significant reduction in terms of costs is attained. Pertinently, the World Trade Organisation also allows access to untapped markets and has helped countries and governments in their battle against poverty (Winters, McCulloch and McKay 2004). The World Trade Organisation has contributed to the fight against poverty. Unfortunately, it remains a known fact that not all countries have actually received benefits from free trade that the World Trade Organisation promises to promote. Notwithstanding the inability of the World Trade Organisation to successfully aid countries and governments in their fight against poverty, a number of global companies has benefitted from it because of its capacity to promote free trade. In this regard, it is of utmost significance for countries that wish to go global to t ake free trade into consideration so as to effectively affect their transactions in a quite complicated market environment (Winters, McCulloch and McKay 2004). Background, Aims and Objectives Based on the foregoing section, the promotion of free trade through its liberalization has fueled globalization (Goldstein 2007). Cogently, it has given companies the needed access to markets that were once untapped. In the same manner, the promotion of free trade has arguably enabled global companies to actually take advantage of different countries by helping them mitigate their costs and reach their bottom lines. From its inception, even during the time when it was still known as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) until today, in its current form, the World Trade Organisation has worked actively to attain greater trade liberalization (Thirlwall and Pacheco-Lopez 2008). Apparently, the World Trade Organisation has given paramount concern to the need to help nations attain their full potential whilst at the same time, providing solutions to the different concerns of their member countries. In the recently concluded Uruguay Round, the World Trade Organisation has successfully entered into better binding agreements that could help them solve pertinent trade issues. Undoubtedly the Uruguay Round, in this respect has been more successful as compared with the previous WTO Rounds in the past (Thirlwall and Pacheco-Lopez 2008). The recently concluded Uruguay Round, aside from what has been previously mentioned, was also successful in terms of increasing the opportunities related to Trade Liberalization. Interestingly, the entrance of the People’s Republic of China has likewise resulted to a significant increase in the global market size, taking into consideration the fact the country has the largest population worldwide. The entry of the Chinese into the World Trade Organisation has likewise resulted to the significant refurbishment of their economic polic ies, their social and legal systems. The Chinese government has also effected a reduction in their tariff rates that previously discouraged the foreigners from entering their market (Goldstein 2007). Finally, the Uruguay Round has resulted to the rise of the private sectors within the member countries thereby enabling them to attain a significant growth in their countries. Consequently, the rise of the p

Bruce Smith is a totally incompetent manager Essay

Bruce Smith is a totally incompetent manager - Essay Example The essay hereby proffers theories and concepts that aim to evaluate Bruce Smith’s performance as a manager of the Printery Section of Paper Partners, a small printing firm located in regional Queensland, owned and managed by Paul Southey Case Background Paul Southey is currently in a dilemma in terms of providing an appropriate evaluation for Bruce Smith, the Printery Manager of his firm, Paper Partners. As a manager, Smith’s subordinates rate him as exemplary and provided positive ratings. However, as a colleague and a co-manager, Smith was rated as a nightmare to work with, rude and with utter disregard of the other sections of the company. When confronted with his behavior, Smith admitted his primarily focus on his Printing section with minimal regard to the sales or packaging sections. In this regard, Southey needs to evaluate his behavior and determine the best course of action to solve the problem. Is Smith really an incompetent manager, as contended by other man agers of other departments? Or is Smith an effective manager but a poor colleague? Definition of Terms To support one’s arguments that Bruce Smith is considered a totally incompetent manager, one needs to qualify the definition for incompetence. The online dictionary defines incompetence as â€Å"the quality or state of being incompetent; want of physical, intellectual, or moral ability; insufficiency; inadequacy; as, the incompetency of a child hard labor, or of an idiot for intellectual efforts† (Webster, 1913). The term identifies insufficiency in qualifications. According to Alaspa (2008) in his article entitled Identifying incompetence,† Margaret Heffernan has assembled this list of the ten habits of total incompetence, to wit: (1) an inability to act; (2) failure to divulge crucial concerns; (3) oversensitivity; (4) refusal to deviate from procedure; (5) preference for weak candidates; (6) focusing on minute tasks; (7) inability to comply with deadlines; (8 )lack of recruitment skills; (9) reliance on consultants; and (10) work the longest† (Alaspa, 2008, pars. 2 – 11). The list however, identified habits or patterns of behavior that one has been accustomed to do. In analyzing the insufficiency of a manager to categorize him as totally incompetent, one needs to evaluate not only one’s technical skills, but interpersonal skills, as well. Robbins, et.al. (2008) averred that managers, to be effective, need to perform functions of planning, organizing, leading and controlling (p.5) and assume ten roles grouped into interpersonal relationships, transfer of information, and decision-making (pp.5 – 7). Using these concepts, Smith’s performance can be evaluated first as a manager, using the comments from his subordinates and identifying the functions or skills manifested in the theories provided in various literatures. After which, Smith’s performance will also be evaluated as a colleague. Evaluation of Bruce Smith as a Manager The comments of Smith’s subordinates are enumerated and summarized, and the following managerial functions and skills manifested are identified as follows: SUBORDINATES COMMENTS MANAGER’S FUNCTIONS/SKILLS Nella McDonald Great to work for; gives Interpersonal skills (leader) credit for ideas and motivates Stephen Dye Good leader and problem Interpersonal skills (leader) solver Decisional (disturbance handler) Alex Brown Gives

Reasons why illegal immigranst who are already living in this country Research Paper

Reasons why illegal immigranst who are already living in this country should be given citiznship - Research Paper Example Recently, debates on immigration have focused on the American South due to its border with Mexico where Latino immigrants get a passage into America. The political division has not helped to bridge the political opinions of opposition sides. In this assignment, I argue that despite the ongoing heated political debates, illegal immigration ought to be granted American citizenship. Historically, the American nation has been known to be a haven for immigrants to the extent that it is now a European descendant’s majority. Prior to the September 11, 2011 attacks on America by foreign nationals, there was little talk of racial profiling at airports. Entry to America became difficult for all immigrants with additional security checks instituted for fear of attacks, therefore, the ensuing debate on illegal immigration (Wise 26). Security is paramount for the stability of the American nation. Nevertheless, racial profiling is an infringement on the civil rights of human beings since it focuses on certain ethnic groups. The impact of European descended Americans in shaping America’s course cannot be disputed. However, the argument that America ought to be identified with regards to being â€Å"white† is flawed (Wise 32). America is a melting pot with people from diverse cultures, religion and ethnic backgrounds. The contribution of the multiplicity of people cannot be ignored. Granting of citizenship to illegal immigrants would be a humane act devoid of racial overtones. National security depends less on the number of illegal immigrants. This is because foreign nationals and terrorists do not have to be American residents to commit crimes. The rigorous security checks instituted mean that it is harder for foreign terrorists to gain citizenship. With proper checks in place, illegal immigrants are granted citizenship if there is reasonable belief that they pose

Imagine you are an OD Consultant and need to investigate the working Essay

Imagine you are an OD Consultant and need to investigate the working climate within a hospital. What diagnostic methods of data collection would you use Explain details giving reasons for your answer - Essay Example Moreover, as an organization development practitioner, one is required to be a little bit more sensitive and keen on how they handle and interact with the different groups of staff in the different departments in the hospital hence a lot of knowledge is required in such a situation. The first step would be to collect information on the current working condition which would be either using questionnaires that would be handed out to the staff and also a number of patients, or sampling where the organization development practitioner would interview a number of the staff and patients too. Using the questionnaires alone might have a number of limitations since the staff and patients are limited to the amount of information they give out, so it would be advisable to use both the questionnaires and interviewing (random sampling). Considerably, after collecting data, analysis will follow, which is a major process that requires a lot of focus so as to avoid missing out on the little but significant details that would act as a barrier to development. In any working hospital, they are various groups of staff; for instance, there are those that work during the day and others throughout the night, there are those in charge of the cleaning/ hygiene and those that conduct medical operations that might involve prescribing medication etc. Reflectively, with the different clusters the barriers of development may originate from the top level management or the middle level management and hence it is essential that the OD practitioner be alert and keen to figure out the source of the hospital’s problems. Normally, what should follow after this is feeding back data to the management first and then later on enlighten the staff with the findings; however, this is said to be the hardest part of the whole process since it might involve implementation of new ideas or even changing of the already existing ones. All the same, before

Copyright and Plagiarism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Copyright and Plagiarism - Essay Example This happens when a person publish a material pretending to own the idea which truly belongs to another. To address this type of issue, a copyright law is passed to protect the published or unpublished works. Copyright is a legal term describing rights given to creators for their literary and artistic works (Byer, n.d., par.3). It is a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States. As we grow older, technology grows faster. Internet technology is now very advanced and is being used by almost everyone in this world. From children to grandparents, everybody is hooked with what internet can offer. We read, paint, post, communicate and write in the internet. Thus, as Montecino (1999, p.1) quoted in his article the internet has been characterized as the largest threat to copyright since its inception. According to Ovittore (2005, par.1), we bloggers are responsible for what we write. We are not less than any news writer that we knew. Thus we must be responsible to avoid any form or act of libel or slander which is prohibited by laws. His article encourages bloggers like us to go through the same copy editing like publishers and be responsible to our actions. Monitoring copyright violation in the internet is impossible. Nobody can monitor every case thus copyright issues cannot be addressed (Marky, 2009, par.5).

Effects of Verbal Communication Essay Example for Free

Effects of Verbal Communication Essay Verbal Communication Communication of all types can be found everywhere. It does not necessarily have to be spoken or oral, it can be found in verbal and nonverbal forms. This is especially true in the areas of the criminal justice system. Communications can be found in equipment, reports, phones, in roll call, or everyday operations. For police officers and other members of the criminal justice system, communication in some form or type can always be certain. It may be in the form of verbal communication, such as roll call, talking with the public, talking to peers, inmates, administration, or supervisors. It is said that nearly 70 percent of one’s time is spent communicating (2009). Officers or those appointed by the department, talk to the media on a daily basis. Whether it is the television, the newspaper reporters, or the radio, it is on a daily basis. For law enforcement officials there is the need to communicate with the press from time to time. This could be to talk about public affairs, providing information about a situation that the police are involved in, or to make announcements. It is common in most areas that law enforcement appoints a spokesperson for the department. This person chosen represents the community and the department, along with all officers. This person must have the intelligence and the ability to speak clearly and in a concise manner, and have the ability to understand questions if asked. He or she should have some clear understanding of what the media only needs to hear. One way to assure this is to him or her draft a statement, before making the announcement to the press. When drafting the announcement and when reading the announcement, the person should avoid using what is called police jargon or codes. Using such language can be confusing to the general public and may cause confusion with the press. When talking to the press he or she should be able to avoid being distracted and should keep eye contact with those who he or she are talking to. Nonverbal communication between the press and officers can also have a confusing effect at time. â€Å"Sometimes nonverbal messages may contradict verbal; often they may express true feelings more accurately than the spoken or written language (Murphy Hildebrandt). For nonverbal communication, the situations that he or she may want to be careful with can include the stance. There should be no slouching or leaning on the podium. This gives an appearance of the press seeing that he or she either does not want to be there or it could show disinterest. The spokesperson choose vocabulary carefully also. He or she may want to use a friendly tone also, and avoid using emotions during the press release. This must remember that the press usually ahs cameras somewhere that records everything that is said verbally and nonverbally, which may cause some confusion. The courtroom is another place that communication is done daily. Within this setting the law enforcement officer or other personnel, may be called to testify for the prosecutor. Communication in the courtroom setting for police, prosecutors, defense, the suspect, judge and jury, all play a crucial part. The officer when called to testify, should have the ability to understand the questions clearly, is able to listen effectively, and be able to explain the facts written in his or her report. The affidavit is based on the facts that have been written in the officers’ incident report. There may be situations or times when an officer feels uncomfortable, while sitting or standing in a group of other people. Or he or she may fill uncomfortable when having to be in front of the others in the courtroom. The officer should never let emotions or nonverbal cues cloud his or her testimony. During cross-examine; the reputation of the officer could be misinterpreted. Before testimony officers should try to talk to the prosecutor to learn what to expect. He or she may want to practice the testimony also. Being able to communicate verbally and use less nonverbal cues like emotions, could make the difference in the testimony. When testifying the officer should be able to answer in a clear and audible voice with recalling or stating just the facts. He or she may also want to remember to present themselves as a professional and to look and act as one. Not only is his or her reputation at stake, but the department also. For law enforcement personnel who work inside the correctional facility, communication techniques can be a critical part of the job. Officers must be able to talk to their peers, and inmates. The ability to be an active listener, understand, read and write clearly and to follow verbal and nonverbal orders are very important. There may be issues at time among inmates that may cause a barrier of communication. Some of these barriers could include the disruptive inmate, a language barrier, such as a foreign language or a deaf person. There may be the inmate that may cause tension between the officers and others. There are many factors to consider on how to communicate within the correctional setting. There is the use of daily reports that must be filled out by officers. There has to be a clear understanding by the officers and other employees of operating procedures. Incident reports that are fact based must be filled out by officers involved. As with police the correctional officer must also confront inmates and vice versa. The officer should at all times be careful of the nonverbal clues used. This would include his or her emotions at the time, the way he or she stands, or the tone of voice. Most correctional officers are trained on the use of verbal and nonverbal methods of communications before being assigned to the facility (2010). For the peer to peer communication the officer must be able to understand the assignment given, whether it is verbal or nonverbal communications. Assignments are usually given at the beginning of the shift, and it is the responsibility of the officer and peer to have a clear understanding of what it is. If the officer does not understand it is his or her responsibility to ask questions. Another form of peer to peer is among the officers themselves. Communication is a key role inside of the correctional facility when working with the inmates. He or she should be able to understand clearly the instructions that pertain to an inmate or surroundings. He or she must be able to read nonverbal cues from other officers and to be able to read nonverbal cues from the inmates. Within the Juvenile facility, there is a great need for communication of nonverbal and verbal. Like any other facility the officers must be able to understand the importance of filing out the report, whether it be an incident, daily, or new arrival. Each officer must have the intelligence and ability to be able to communicate with a juvenile in custody. Like inmates in the adult correctional setting, juveniles may also become belligerent at times and want to cause problems. The officer must be able to talk with the juvenile as well as be able to listen. Officers must also be able to read the nonverbal cues that are given by the inmates. These could include actions such as throwing of things, language, the stance, eye contact, vocal sounds, and emotions such as anger, sadness and more. Juveniles have a language that seems to be something that they have learned. Most people call it street slang and signs. Most officers are provided continuing training on problems involving juveniles, as well as training to understand the signs and slang used by them. For Officers and other employees of the juvenile facility there is the need to understand clearly the written reports, the operational procedures, releasing of information to outside agencies and families and the ability to talk clearly to peers. Officers and other employees may be called on to answer questions over the phone, concerning a juvenile. They may have to work on computers, and other equipment, or spend hours doing paperwork. This is all an important part of communicating within the facility. When an officer’s peer assigns the officer to a certain department in the facility the officer must have a clear understanding of what is expected of him or her at the time. The one way for the officer to make certain of the assignment, is to ask the needed questions if any should arise. The officer must be able to take orders on a continuous basis and be able to understand the details. When working with other officers there has to be a clear line of communication between the officers. Nonverbal cues, as with any other law enforcement facility should be easily read. The officer must have the ability to do so, in case something should happen. These nonverbal cues could be eye contact, a facial expression, or a nudge, or a physical gesture such as the wave of a hand. As with any other situation officers that work in a juvenile facility must show professionalism and act accordingly. The officer must be careful when using nonverbal communication. These include keeping the emotions from getting away from him or her, keeping the tone of his or her voice from becoming too loud, watching the stance and posture when talking to other employees, inmates, and peers. Communication can be seen in many different forms. These can include fact based reports by law enforcement officers, correctional officers, reports to the press or other media, juvenile facilities and courtrooms. There may be barriers for the officers at times, such as language, ineffective listening, a misunderstanding, or miscommunication. Whatever the reason, for one to communicate properly there must be the ability to understand, listen actively, ask questions when needed, and to speak clearly when asked to. For law enforcement and others in the criminal justice system the need to recognize nonverbal communication is essential. An officer must be able to identify cues given by a suspect, or by an inmate in custody. The law enforcement official should always act and speak in a professional matter when facing the public or fellow workers and supervisors or administrators. He or she must remember that they represent not only themselves but the departments and states they reside in. Effective communication is the key to an effective organization such as the criminal justice system.

Laser Tissue Interaction

Laser Tissue Interaction Laser-Tissue interaction Like normal light, laser light can interact with tissue in four basic ways1 as follows: (1) Reflection: some light reflects back off the surface, its energy neither penetrating nor interacting with tissue. (2) Transmission: some (light) may be transmitted through tissue, albeit unchanged as if transparent to the laser beam and without interaction between the incident beam and the tissue. (3) Scatter: some light may penetrate the tissue and be scattered without causing a noticeable effect on the tissue2 .Scattering causes some lessening of light energy with distance, together with distortion in the beam, whereby rays proceed in an uncontrolled direction through the medium. Moreover, back-scatter can occur as the laser beam hits the tissue, most commonly in short wavelengths, e.g. diode, Nd:YAG (≠¥50% back-scatter). (4) Absorption: some light may be absorbed into a component of the tissue, whereby there will be transference of energy to the tissue, i.e. the incident energy of the beam is attenuated by the medium and transferred into another form. In clinical dentistry, depending on the value of the energy, there is conversion into heat or, in the case of very low values, photobiostimulation of receptor tissue sites (e.g. sun-bathing the stimulation of ‘tanning melanocytes by low-grade UV sunlight versus the damaging sun-burn with higher exposure values) Laser wavelength absorption and tissue composition Laser tissue interactions, as described above, are not exclusive and occur in varying proportions within tissues depending on the chemical and or molecular variation found within such complex biological systems. The degree of interaction is usually proportional to the level of absorption of a particular wavelength by tissue. Tissue elements that absorb a particular wavelength or spectrum of light energy to a high degree are called chromophores. All (organic) matter has the property of ‘absorption specificity which determines how it reacts to incident radiation. Indeed, the preferential absorption of specific wavelengths of radiant energy by chromophores within tissues accounts for the unique interactions that occur between the monochromatic light energy of lasers and various tissue elements. Laser wavelengths thus affect certain, inter-related components of the target tissue, that is: its water content; colour; and chemical composition. In dentistry, oral tissue comprises one o r more chromophores haemoglobin, melanin and allied pigmented proteins, (carbonated) hydroxyapatite, and water. Generally speaking, any predominantly pigmented tissue absorbs shorter laser wavelengths (i.e. visible and near infra-red), whereas non-pigmented tissue absorbs longer wavelengths. Consequently, absorption peaks of water and (carbonated) hydroxyapatite, coincident with Er:YAG, Er:YSGG and CO2 wavelengths, would support the potentially advantageous use of these lasers in hard tissue management. Moreover, oral soft tissues mainly comprise water, which predominantly controls the tissue effects of laser emissions within the infrared spectrum, such as CO2. Therefore, CO2 laser energy is absorbed very efficiently by tissue fluids with minimal penetration beyond the surface2. Conversely, water is comparatively transparent to the emission of the Nd:YAG laser, which accounts for its tendency to penetrate deeper into tissue. In this way, whereas CO2 wavelength might penetrate oral epithelia to a depth of 0.1-0.2 mm, Nd: YAG and diode wavelengths can result in an equivalent-power penetration of 4-6 mm.3 Light Absorption in Tissue Absorption characteristics for various wavelengths in four absorption media (oxyhaemoglobin, melanin, hydroxyapatite and water). The absorption coefficient is plotted as a function of the wavelength, and the absorption coefficient for a given material is plotted on this graph. A high absorption coefficient means the given laser wavelength is well absorbed in the selected medium. A low absorption corresponds with a greater degree of transparency allowing the light to penetrate deeper into the medium. Note that the vertical scale is logarithmic; that is, each grid line is equivalent to a change of the absorption coefficient by 1 order of magnitude (factor 10). Photobiological Effect The overriding beneficial effect of laser energy is absorption of the light by the target tissue and the transfer of laser energy, thus causing a tissue interaction (Photobiological Effect). There are four basic interactions that can occur following absorption of laser energy: (1) Photochemical (Photochemolysis): certain wavelengths of laser light are absorbed by naturally occurring chromophores or wavelength- specific light absorbing substances that are able to induce certain biochemical reactions at cellular level. Derivatives of naturally occurring chromophores or dyes have been used as photosensitizers to induce biological reactions within tissues for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Photochemical interactions include photobiostimulation, photodynamic therapy, and tissue fluorescence. Certain biological pigments, upon absorbing laser light, can fluoresce, which can be used for detecting teeth caries. Lasers can also be used in a non- surgical mode for biostimulation or more rapid wound healing, pain relief, increased collagen growth and a general anti- inflammatory effect. Photodynamic interaction is demonstrated by PAD (Photo-Activated Disinfection) in which a 635nm laser used to activate a dye solution of tolonium chloride placed in a ca rious cavity or root canal. Activation of the tolonium chloride releases oxygen species which disrupt the membranes of micro-organisms found in caries, periodontal pockets and root canals. (2) Photothermal (Photothermolysis): light energy absorbed by the tissues is transformed into heat energy which then produces tissue effects as follows: Coagulation and haemostasis: from 60oC to 70oC, this is the secondary effects through conduction of the heat generated. Photopyrolysis: from 65oC to 90oC, target tissue proteins undergo permanent morphological change (protein denaturation) as result of dissociation of covalent bonds. Photovaporolysis: at 100oC +, inter- and intra-cellular water in soft tissue and interstitial water in hard tissue is vaporised. This destructive phase transfer results in expansive volume change, which can aid the ablative effect of the laser by dissociating large tissue elements. This will be carried onto a further phase: transfer to hydrocarbon gases and production of residual carbon (carbonization).4 The amount of laser energy absorbed by the tissue largely determines the thermal interaction produced and is in turn dependant on the wavelength of the laser light to a great degree, but also on other parameters such as spot size, power density, pulse duration and frequency, and the optical properties and composition of the tissue irradiated. The CO2 (10600nm) is highly absorbed by the water content of oral soft tissues, whereby 90% of the energy is absorbed within the first 100 microns of penetrating the tissue surface5. Hence, even at relatively low power densities using a focused beam, there is rapid tissue vaporization of the water with charring and burning of the organic content of the tissue. Photothermal interaction causes the irradiated target tissue to absorb the laser energy and converts it into heat, thereby producing a direct temperature rise in the irradiated tissue volume. When this energy is applied for long enough, heat conduction will cause a temperature rise in surrounding tissues as well. Hence, thermal effects, such as coagulation necrosis, are produced indirectly in collateral areas and are one of the mechanisms responsible for haemostasis when cutting or vaporizing with a laser. (3) Thermal relaxation Heat dissipation or diffusion from the irradiated tissue site will determine the extent of collateral damage seen and is largely dependant on the thermal conductivity of the tissue. The time required for diffusion of the heat or ‘thermal relaxation time is defined as the time required for the accumulated heat energy within the tissue mass to cool to 37% of its original value6. The degree of heat conduction and rate of tissue cooling both determine the extent of collateral tissue damage for a given wavelength of laser light and tissue type. The composition of the tissue in terms of its structure, water content and vascularity will greatly determine heat conduction/tissue cooling and therefore collateral damage. Moreover, factors such as the volume and surface area of tissue irradiated will also influence the rate of heat dissipation. With continuous laser emission there is no thermal relaxation time, but with pulsed emissions there are brief periods of time allowing for heat dissipation or cooling between pulses7. Tissues should be allowed a period of cooling approximately three times their thermal relaxation time to avoid accumulation of heat energy in surrounding tissue and therefore collateral damage. This can be managed effectively using a combination of appropriate power density and pulse duration for the desired procedure8, 9. Factors that influence thermal relaxation are summarized as follows: Laser absorption characteristics of the target tissue Laser emission mode : continuous wave or pulsed emission Laser incident power Laser power density Beam movement: relative to tissue site; rapid laser beam movement will reduce heat build-up and aid thermal relaxation. Endogenous coolant: water content and vascularity of the tissue. Exogenous coolant: water, air, pre-cooling of tissue.10, 11 (4) Photomechanical and photoelectrical: These are non- thermal interactions produced by high energy, short pulsed laser light, including: photodisruption, photodisassociation, photoplasmolysis and photoacoustic interaction. Absorption of laser energy pulses results in rapid expansion or generation of shock waves that are capable of rupturing intermolecular and atomic bonds (photo-disruption or photodisassociation ). Thus, the laser beams energy is transformed into vibration or kinetic energy. A pulse of laser energy on hard dentinal tissues can produce a shock wave, which might explode or pulverize the tissue, creating an abraded crater. This is an example of the photoacoustic effect of laserlight.12 Photoplasmolysis is a process of tissue removal through the formation of electrically charged ions and particles that exist in‘plasma state, a semi-gaseous, high -energy state which is neither solid, liquid, or gas.13 This process is observed in ultra-short pulsed lasers, e.g. Nd: YAG, Er:YAG, with pulse widths of

Osteoarthritis Diagnosis and Care Plan

Osteoarthritis Diagnosis and Care Plan Patient Initials:  JA  Unit/Room DOB:  8/17/1926 Code Status Height/Weight 6’1’’ / 126 lb Allergies:  No allergies Temp (C/F Site) Pulse (Site) Respiration Pulse Ox (O2 Sat) Blood Pressure Pain Scale 1-10 97*F 79 18 160/80 8 History of Present Illness including Admission Diagnosis and Relevant Physical Assessment Findings (normal abnormal) Relevant Diagnostic Procedures Surgeries /Results (include dates, if not found state so) The patient is suffering from general osteoarthritis, muscle weakness, abnormal of gal, spinal stenosis, chronic pain neck, benign hypertension, Alzheimer, dementia with behavior disturbance, depressive disorder NEC, and myopia. The main symptom of osteoarthritis is sharp pain, or a burning sensation in the associate muscles and tendons, causing stiffness and loss of ability. OA can cause a crackling noise or crepitus when the affected joint is moved, and the patient may experience muscle spasm and contractions in the tendons. Occasionally, the joints may also be filled with fluid. Humid and cold weather increases the pain in many patients. OA commonly affects the hands, feet, spine, and the large weight bearing joints, such as the hips and knees, although in theory, any joint in the body can be affected. As OA advances, the affected joints appear larger, are stiff and painful, and usually feel worse, the more they are used throughout the day, thus distinguishing it from rheumatoid arthritis. In smaller joints, such as at the fingers, hard bony enlargements may form, and though they are not necessarily painful, they limit the movement of the fingers significantly. OA at the toes leads to the formation of bunions, rendering them red or swollen. OA is the most common cause of joint effusion, an accumulation of excess fluid in or around the knee joint (Moskowitz, 2007). Breast surgery: Right Tonsillectomy Total abdominal hysterectomy Past Medical Surgical History, Pathophysiology of medical diagnoses (with APA citations) Pertinent Lab tests/ Results (with normal ranges) with dates and rationales The patient has a history of dementia, hypertension, alcohol abuse, UTI, insomnia, and urinary incontinence. Her cause of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease. This condition frequently begins with memory loss or subtle impairments in other cognitive functions. These changes might initially manifest as simple forgetfulness or absentmindedness or as minor problems with language, judgment, or perception. As dementia progresses, memory loss and cognitive impairment extend in scope until the person can no longer remember basic social and survival skills or function independently. Language, spatial or temporal orientation, judgment, perception, and other cognitive capacities decline, and personality changes may occur (Bourgeois Hickey, 2011). She suffers from hypertension whose symptoms include: Blood in the urine Severe headache Vision problems Fatigue or confusion Chest pain Difficulty breathing Irregular heartbeat Pounding in the chest, neck, or ears (Izzo Black, 2003). Urinary tract infections (UTI) do not always cause signs and symptoms, but they can include: A strong, persistent urge to urinate A burning sensation when urinating Passing frequent, small amounts of urine Urine that appears cloudy Urine that appears red, or bright pink colored, which is a sign of blood in the urine Strong-smelling urine Pelvic pain in women (Kilmartin, 2002) Heart: Normal in size. Elevate of right diaphragm. Motion artifact involve left lung base which obscure distal. No pneumothorax. 1/31/15 Impression: no definite infiltrates or masses although motion artifact degrades the quality of the image especially left lung base. Follow up film as indicated. Elevate right diaphragm 1/27/15 Prealbumin 4 Regular diet 11/17/14 Glucose 79 BUN 22 Creatinine 0.74 RBC 4.82 Phosphate 97 hemoglobin 13.7 SGot 15 MCV 85.3 SGPT 0.5 MCH 28.5 Calcium 8.6 MCHC 33.4 Sodium 140 RDW 13.8 Potassium 3.9 platelet 216 Chloride 105 monocyte 7.9 Co2 28 lymph 28 Protein 5.7 eos 2.5 Albumin 3.5 baso 0.5 Morphology normal Globumin 2.2 A/G ratio 1.6 GFR value 83 CBC 7.7 WBC 4.82 7/21/14 Compressibility and patency through the deep venous system with augmentation noted. Right foot demonstrates no fracture or evidence of bony destruction. No definite neoplastic progress of right foot is demo Erikson’s Developmental Stage with Rationale (APA citations) Socioeconomic/Cultural/Spiritual Orientation Psychosocial Considerations The patient is over 80 years old. Therefore, she fits in the 8th Psychosocial Stage of Integrity vs. Despair. The patient is now a senior citizen. She tends to slow down on productivity, and explore life as a retired person. It is during this time that she contemplates her accomplishments and is able to develop integrity if she sees herself as leading a successful life. If she sees her life as unproductive, feel guilt about her past, or feel that she did not accomplish her life goals, she will become dissatisfied with life and develop despair, often leading to depression and hopelessness. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of wisdom. Wisdom will enable her to look back on her life with a sense of closure and completeness, and also accept death without fear. (Shaffer, 2008) The patient lives with her son who takes care of her medical and financial needs. The patient has a decreased cognitive ability and is not able to safely take medication by herself. She experiences a high level of insomnia/sleep deprivation. She also suffers from depression exacerbated by a lack of self-efficacy. Potential Health Deviations, Predisposing Related Factors; Interventions to Assess or Prevent Potential Health Deviations â€Å"At Risk for†¦Ã¢â‚¬  nursing dx (AT LEAST TWO) Inter-professional Consults, Discharge Referrals, Current Orders (include diet, test, and treatments) with Rationale With APA citations Exercising. Exercise could increase her endurance and strengthen the muscles around her joints, making her joint more stable. She can try walking, but she should stop if she feels new joint pain. New pain that lasts for hours after she has exercised probably means she has overdone it, but does not mean she should stop exercising altogether. Using hydrotherapy, local heat and cold to manage pain: Both heat and cold can relieve pain in her joints. Heat also relieves stiffness, and cold can relieve muscle spasms and pain. Applying over-the-counter pain gels/creams. Creams and gels available at drugstores might offer temporary relief from osteoarthritis pain. Some creams numb the pain by generating a hot or cool sensation whereas other creams have medications, such as aspirin-like compounds, that get absorbed into the skin. Pain creams would work best on joints that are close to the surface of her skin, such as knees and fingers. Using assistive devices. Assistive devices could make it easier for her to go about her day without stressing the painful joints. A cane might take weight off her knees or hips as she walks. Weight management. Being overweight can increases the stress on her weight-bearing joints, such as her knees and hips. Therefore, the patient should maintain her weight to prevent putting pressure on her joints, which could increase her pain. 1/27/15HPN 4oz TID with meals for supplement 7/20/14 Regular diet 1/26/15 Ice cream at HS 9/16/14 4.1.1 benign hypertension. Amlodipine Besylate 2.5mg PO QD. Hold if BP 11/27/14 Colace 250 PO QD bowel management 7/20/14 Namenda 5mg PO BID 7/20-7/21/14 Donepezil 10mg PO QHS for Alzheimer. Tylenol 325mg 2tabs Q4H if temp >101 10/18/14-11/2/14- Mylanta 30cc PO QD PRN for indigestion 7/20/14 Effexor 37.5 mg PO QD: depressive, sadness 7/20/14 Monitor antidepressant drug side effects and episode of verbal of sadness. Assess QS for pain 0-10 4/6/15 Left and right inner buttock redness clean with NS, pat dry, Baza cream 7/31/14 RNA ambulation with FWW with QD 6x/week 10/4/14 Half left side rail up 1/31/14 CXR for cough and congestion 7/20/14 May get up on wheelchair as tolerated. Admitted to Parkview hospital for dx Dementia, depression, Alzheimer, hypertension. 11/25/14 Nursing to incorporate ROME during daily ADL care Psych drug: Effexor 37.5mg for depression and verbalization sadness. Outcome: Resident was admitted consent and order for use of med, will observe and monitor behavior 10/31/14 Resident had behavior episode during this quarter will continue to observe and monitor behavior episode. Nursing Diagnosis (at least 2) Planning (outcome/goal) Measurable goal during your shift (at least 1 per Nursing diagnosis) Prioritized Independent and collaborative nursing interventions; include further assessment, intervention and teaching (at least 4 per goal) Rationale (use APA citations) Evaluation Goal Met, Partially met, or not Met and Explanation 1. Severe pain associated with distention of tissue by the inflammatory process The pain showed reduced or controlled Looks relaxed, can rest, sleep and ability to participate in appropriate activities. Follow the treatment program. Using the skills of relaxation and entertainment activities in a pain control program. Assess pain and note the location and intensity of pain (scale 0-10). Write down the factors that accelerate and signs of non-verbal pain. Give hard mattress and small pillow. Elevate bed when a patient needs to rest or sleep. Help the patient take a comfortable position when sleeping or sitting in a chair. Depth of bed rest as indicated. Help patient to frequently change positions. Help the patient to a warm bath at the time of waking. Help the patient to a warm compress on the sore joints several times a day. Monitor temperature compress. Give a massage. Encourage the use of stress management techniques such as progressive relaxation bio-feedback therapeutic touch, visualization, self-hypnosis guidelines imagination, and breath-control. Engage in activities of entertainment that is suitable for individual situations. Give the drug before activity or exercise that is planned as directed. Assist patients with physical therapy. Rest of systemic, recommended during the acute exacerbation phase of disease and all that is important to retain the power to prevent fatigue. Eliminates pressure on the tissue and increase circulation. Facilitate patient self-care and independence. Proper removal techniques can prevent skin abrasion tear. Increasing the stability (reduce the risk of injury) and necessary joint position and body alignment, reduced contractor. To maximize joint function and maintain mobility. It may be necessary to suppress the acute inflammatory system. Useful in formulating training programs / activities based on individual needs and in identifying the tool (Moskowitz, 2007). The patient met this outcome. Her worst pain reduced to 6 and her tolerance increased to 5 with less verbal and facial expression. 2. Impaired Physical Mobility associated with skeletal deformities, pain, discomfort, and decreased muscle strength. Maintain a function of position in the absence / restrictions contractures. Maintain or improve strength and function of compensation of the body. Demonstrate techniques or behaviors enabling activities Monitor the level of inflammation / pain in joints Maintain bed rest / sit if necessary Schedule of activities to provide a rest period of continuous and uninterrupted nighttime sleep. Assist patients with range of motion active / passive and resistive exercise and isometric if possible. Slide to maintain an upright position and sitting height, standing, and walking. Provide a safe environment, for example, raise the chair / toilet, use a high grip and tub and toilet, the use of mobility aids / wheelchairs rescue. Collaboration physical therapist / occupational and specialist visional. The level of activity / exercise depends on the development / resolution of the inflammatory process. Systemic Rest is recommended during acute exacerbations, and all phases of the disease is important to prevent exhaustion maintain strength Maintain / improve joint function, muscle strength and general stamina. Eliminates stress on the network and improves circulation. Facilitate patient self-care and independence. Proper removal techniques to prevent tearing skin abrasion. Increase stability (reducing the risk of injury) and maintain the necessary joint position and body alignment, reducing contractor. To maximize joint function and maintain mobility Avoiding injury due to accidents / falls Useful in formulating training programs / activities based on individual needs and identifying tools (Grifka Ogilvie-Harris, 2012). The patient met this outcome because she is able to walk without any appliance and her mobility is independent. MEDICATION LIST Medications (with APA citations) Class/Purpose Route Frequency Mechanism of action / Onset of action Common side effects Nursing considerations specific to this patient Namenda NMDA receptor antagonist, 5-HT3 antagonist. Oral 5mg 2times a day Namenda reduces the actions of chemicals in the brain that may contribute to the symptoms of Alzheimers disease. Diarrhea, dizziness or headache. Donepezil HCL Parasympathomimetic Oral 1tab/day at bed time This medication is an enzyme blocker that works by restoring the balance of natural substances (neurotransmitters) in the brain. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite/weight loss, dizziness, drowsiness, weakness, trouble sleeping, shakiness (tremor), or muscle cramps Amlodipine Calcium channel blocker Oral 2.5mg PO Amlodipine relaxes (widens) blood vessels and improves blood flow. Dizziness, lightheadedness, swelling ankles/feet, headaches, or flushing Hydrochlorothiazide Thiazide diuretic Oral 12.5 mg 1tab PO QD Hydrochlorothiazide helps prevent the body from absorbing too much salt, which can cause fluid retention. Stomach upset, dizziness, or headache Effexor Antidepressant Oral 37.5mg 1x a day Venlafaxine affects chemicals in the brain that may become unbalanced and cause depression. Vision changes; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, changes in appetite or weight, dry mouth, yawning; dizziness, headache, anxiety, feeling nervous, fast heartbeats, tremors or shaking, insomnia, strange dreams, tired feeling, increased sweating, and decreased sex drive. Bibliography Bourgeois, M. S., Hickey, E. (2011). Dementia: From Diagnosis to Management A Functional Approach. New York: Taylor Francis. Grifka, J., Ogilvie-Harris, D. (2012). Osteoarthritis: Fundamentals and Strategies for Joint-Preserving Treatment. New York: Springer Science Business Media. Izzo, J. L., Black, H. R. (2003). Hypertension Primer: The Essentials of High Blood Pressure. New York: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Kilmartin, A. (2002). The Patients Encyclopaedia of Urinary Tract Infection, Sexual Cystitis and Interstitial Cystitis. Boston: Angela Kilmartin. Moskowitz, R. W. (2007). Osteoarthritis: Diagnosis and Medical/Surgical Management. New York: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Shaffer, D. (2008). Social and Personality Development. Boston: Cengage Learning.

Frances Trade Policy Essay -- French Politics, U.S. French Relations

France’s trade policy is the same as that of other members of the European Union. The common EU weighted average tariff rate was 1.2 percent in 2009. Non-tariff barriers reflected in EU and French policy includes agricultural and manufacturing subsidies, quotas, import restrictions and bans for some goods and services†, (Index of Economic Freedom, 2011). As a member of the EU, France is one part of the largest trading blocks, accounting for approximately 20% of global imports and exports (Index of Economic Freedom, 2011). Open trade created by the EU for member states furthered economic development in those particular nations. As one of the largest members of the World Trade Organization, the EU is a driving force behind multiple trade agreements and plays an integral role in promoting open trade in developing countries. Managerial implications The EU created a borderless system that allows unencumbered trade between businesses. Businesses can buy and sell goods wherever they want without having to pay special customs duties or taxes â€Å"this system is beneficial as the limitations on selling products across the continent are nonexistent† (EU and Trade, 2006). However, the free trade system brings more competition. Consumers have more choices in products, which drives down prices and raises the cost to deliver a quality product. This calls for a diligent focus on production efficiencies, quality control and value added principals in order to deliver a superior product at a competitive price. Foreign Exchange The demand for the Euro continues to increase. Investors who traditionally held their assets in dollars are now looking to other sources such as the Euro as a more reliable commodity (Amadeo). President Sarkozy has r... ...Sep Oct Nov Dec 2010 1.10 1.30 1.60 1.70 1.60 1.50 1.90 1.40 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.70 2009 0.70 0.90 0.30 0.10 -0.30 -0.50 -0.70 -0.20 -0.50 -0.40 -0.20 0.90 2008 2.80 2.80 3.20 3.00 3.30 3.60 3.60 3.20 3.00 2.70 1.60 1.00 GDP France has the second largest economy in Europe following only Germany. The country has been relative stable through the global economic crisis in part due to the â€Å"relative resilience of domestic consumer spending, a large public sector, and less exposure to the downturn in global demand than in some other countries† (CIA Fact Book, 2011). While the GDP did contract in 2009, it rebounded in 2010 and expanded by .40 percent. President Sarkozy has been a proponent to economic stabilization for his country through stimulus and investment measures. However, now he and his government are finding was to reduce spending and cut the deficit. France's Trade Policy Essay -- French Politics, U.S. French Relations France’s trade policy is the same as that of other members of the European Union. The common EU weighted average tariff rate was 1.2 percent in 2009. Non-tariff barriers reflected in EU and French policy includes agricultural and manufacturing subsidies, quotas, import restrictions and bans for some goods and services†, (Index of Economic Freedom, 2011). As a member of the EU, France is one part of the largest trading blocks, accounting for approximately 20% of global imports and exports (Index of Economic Freedom, 2011). Open trade created by the EU for member states furthered economic development in those particular nations. As one of the largest members of the World Trade Organization, the EU is a driving force behind multiple trade agreements and plays an integral role in promoting open trade in developing countries. Managerial implications The EU created a borderless system that allows unencumbered trade between businesses. Businesses can buy and sell goods wherever they want without having to pay special customs duties or taxes â€Å"this system is beneficial as the limitations on selling products across the continent are nonexistent† (EU and Trade, 2006). However, the free trade system brings more competition. Consumers have more choices in products, which drives down prices and raises the cost to deliver a quality product. This calls for a diligent focus on production efficiencies, quality control and value added principals in order to deliver a superior product at a competitive price. Foreign Exchange The demand for the Euro continues to increase. Investors who traditionally held their assets in dollars are now looking to other sources such as the Euro as a more reliable commodity (Amadeo). President Sarkozy has r... ...Sep Oct Nov Dec 2010 1.10 1.30 1.60 1.70 1.60 1.50 1.90 1.40 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.70 2009 0.70 0.90 0.30 0.10 -0.30 -0.50 -0.70 -0.20 -0.50 -0.40 -0.20 0.90 2008 2.80 2.80 3.20 3.00 3.30 3.60 3.60 3.20 3.00 2.70 1.60 1.00 GDP France has the second largest economy in Europe following only Germany. The country has been relative stable through the global economic crisis in part due to the â€Å"relative resilience of domestic consumer spending, a large public sector, and less exposure to the downturn in global demand than in some other countries† (CIA Fact Book, 2011). While the GDP did contract in 2009, it rebounded in 2010 and expanded by .40 percent. President Sarkozy has been a proponent to economic stabilization for his country through stimulus and investment measures. However, now he and his government are finding was to reduce spending and cut the deficit.

Essay --

Mara Salvatrucha Mara Salvatrucha, otherwise known as â€Å"MS-13,† is quite possibly one of the most well known and most notorious street gangs in the world. Beginning in the poor immigrant streets of Los Angeles in the 1980’s, the gang has spread like wild fire across not only the United States, but across the world, from Alaska to Spain (Tkach & Parker, 2006). Originating in Los Angeles, California, MS-13 was founded by refugees from El Salvador. â€Å"Mara† is a Central American term for gang; â€Å"salva† refers to El Salvador, â€Å"trucha,† meaning â€Å"trout† in English, for something that is clever, or sharp. MS-13 is also known as the â€Å"Salvadoran Army Ants.† After MS-13 spread from their birthplace in Los Angeles across countries, their activities helped make the infamous Northern Triangle: Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras, as the most violent place in the world that is not at war (Dudley, 2013). Mara Salvatrucha has been named one of the world’s most dangerous gangs due to their origins, growing population of the gang, the brutality of their crimes, the signs and famous tattoos Mara Salvatrucha is known for, the prison life hiding the leaders, and the evolution into organized crime. Starting with civil wars of El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua, refugees traveled northbound to Los Angeles. In 2012, the United States Treasury Department named MS-13 as a transnational criminal organization. The Treasury Department gave insight on details about how truly powerful MS-13 is, including that the gang is involved with â€Å"drug trafficking, kidnapping, human smuggling, sex trafficking, murder, assassinations, racketeering, blackmail, extortion, and immigration offenses† (Dudley, 2013). Mara Salvatrucha has been placed with the Zetas from Mexico, ... ... from Mexico, Italy’s Camorra, and the Japanese Yakuza, confirming that Mara Salvatrucha is one of the most dangerous gangs. When a member is sentenced to prison, it is beneficial for the member because they learn criminal and gang knowledge by the veterans of MS-13 that reside in prison. Learning the graffiti, the hand signals and stacking, the tattoos and their meanings, obtaining information from different cliques can all be obtained due to members of MS-13 going to prison. While America sits and continuously deports MS-13 gang members away from the States, they are spreading the terror to other countries. Now, in El Salvador, this country is seeing more violence now due to the gang violence than they did when they were going through civil war. Ironically, the civil war is what drove refugees up to Los Angeles and what became the birth place of Mara Salvatrucha.

Tourism in Thailand :: Papers

Tourism in Thailand As we enter a new millenium the post-colonial nations in the world are still searching for ways to compete in an increasingly globalized, consumption driven economic environment. Many developing countries have speculated that Tourism is an effective catalyst for development as well as increased international understanding. Thailand, who has embraced tourism as the key to its modernization strategy, has been hailed by many as a paradigm for success. Over the past twenty years Thailand has enjoyed one of the fastest economic growth rates of any developing country. This rapid progress has allowed Thailand to emerge as an economic leader in the Third world. The $4 billion a year in tourism revenue is the core support of the Thai economy (Bishop, p. VI). Thai officials have attributed the success of the tourism industry to the "many attractions located in various parts of the country" as well as "the uniqueness of the Thai people" --- "their friendliness and hospitality (Bishop, p. 6 7)." However the Thai government has failed to recognize the contributions of sex tourism which is estimated to generate about $1.5 billion every year, according to Professor Krikiat Phiapatserithan of Thammasat University (World congress, regional profiles, p. 3). Thailand's failure to recognize the sex tourism is reflective of the discourse used by the worldwide tourism industry to analyze the industry's success. From the standpoint of the tourism industry the success of tourism is directly related only to economic factors, anything else is seen as unnecessary. It is in the best interest of tourism corporations and the countries that are dependent on tourism to discourage the circulation of information regarding any of the potential negative effects related to tourism. The censorship of information by these entities has caused much of the general public to be ignorant of the adverse consequences of the mass tourist industry in Thailand. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the sex tourism, using Thailand as the basis of my investigation. I will begin by shedding light on the complex social and economic factors that has formed the modern sex industry of Thailand. Then I will link the damaging effects to the Thailand's cultural values and quality of life to the emergence of child sex tourism, which in recent years has immerged as a significant contributor of tourist revenue.

Online Learning V.S Traditional Classroom Learning Essay

I think whether it is online learning or traditional class learning both should be taken into consideration when planning to further education. I personally did not consider the facts when I decided to further my education. I had started out in a traditional classroom but soon after realized it was not the right choice. It was hard to fully apply myself when I was attending a traditional classroom because I was a working wife and mother. Online learning and traditional learning will show that both of these are great options depending on who the student may be and which educational program the student has chosen. Online learning and traditional learning each have their merits and faults. Online degrees have become a perfect option for individuals who may not be able to enroll in a traditional classroom. When you compare the two learning classes, the biggest difference is that students studying online have the flexibility to attend classes at their own pace and time. In a campus-based classroom they require that students attend class a certain number of times every week, at specific times. Traditional class learning may not be the option for people who have children or work long hours. Learning online would be a better option for these people because they can make their own schedule for when they will attend class. Both online and traditional classes give students the opportunity to interact with other students and their professors. With a traditional classroom you can interact with students and professors face -to -face. In online learning there is no face- to -face interaction with classmates or instructors. Online learning interaction can consist of chat rooms, e-mail, main forums, and over the telephone. Traditional class students have a better advantage of understanding the materials because they can have that one –on- one time with the instructor face- to -face. It may be a little harder for online students to grasp the materials because they do not have that face- to -face interaction. Online learning and traditional class learning work assignments are similar and different in their own ways. In both online and traditional learning classes you still have assignments that have to be completed by a certain time. In the traditional class your assignments are done on paper and with online learning you have to submit your assignments on the computer. Also with traditional class learning one has the opportunity to present in front of their classmates, while online students do not have that option. They are only able to present their presentations to the instructors. In both classes you still have homework and you have to participate in class. Online learning requires you to participate and attend class a certain number of times but there is no specific times or days. They have the option to decide when that will be but with traditional class you have to attend class every day you are scheduled and participate every day. Earning a degree at a traditional college can be very expensive but obtaining a online degree can be a lot less expensive for students. Exceptionally less, but they offer students the same loan and grant benefits offered at a traditional college. Online schools and traditional schools offer the same financial aid packages. Students who attend a traditional class usually have to pay traveling cost and living cost. Online learning students do not have to pay these extra costs because they are learning from home and that requires no traveling. Also with online schools you do not have to pay for facilities like residence halls, dining halls, gyms and libraries. Most provide access to virtual libraries and some even have partnerships with local facilities. There are many similarities and differences between online learning and traditional class learning. The facts show that both are great options to consider, depending upon the person and his or her day- to- day schedule. One method to determine how well online learning and traditional class learning might work for you is to consider the benefits and disadvantages of both. Researching and planning ahead can help a person in deciding which would better fit his or her needs. I have found online learning to better fit my needs because I can make my own schedule concerning attending class. I am a mother and wife so I have many responsibilities and this option gives me time to take care of my household while still being able to obtain a degree at my own pace. Do the research to see which one is the right option for you at this time in your life. Most people think that their decision to go to college only affects them but it affects your family also. You have to still be able to do for your family and handle your business at home. I also suggest if you are attending a traditional college and it seems to be too overwhelming for you at times you should really consider trying the online learning. Becoming successful in life depends on the choices you make throughout life, whether they be good or bad choices. So choose wisely which learning class be it online learning or traditional learning is right for you and your family.

Checkpoint Jsbmha and Hipaa Case Study

Checkpoint JSBMHA and HIPAA Case Study five-spot Edwards Carrie Cooper 4/18/13 1. How does HIPPA serve to protect patient rights? A patients health tuition can be sh atomic number 18 with doctors and hospitals for give-and-take and care. The training can too be shared with family members who the patient has given allowance to access the patients records. HIPPAs guidelines make clear exactly what nurture nigh patients is protected. Called PHI, this information includes anything that would identify a patient, from name, Social Security numbers and addresses to broader identifiers exchangeable race, age and home state.Information about the somebodys health care require or medical history is also considered PHI. HIPPA guidelines dictate that this information cannot be shared except in particular instances, including when the exclusive patient requests their own personal information, or when privacy investigation by the part of Health and Human Services requires it. 2. What a reas of the JSBMHA did HIPAA respectfulness blow? HIPPA has a great impact on the patients rights, all areas of the JSBMHA is affected by these two individuals. It affected the patients, and devote the business office in an awkward position.It affected the nan which she can make others aware about what happened and this could affect the agency negatively. People who are involved with the agency could make wad feel uncomfortable about free them any information. And this mean any information is not safe at JSBMHA, and the consider has been violated. 3. What actions should the JSBMHA director take about the HIPAA violation? I think that both of them should give way suspended, this is a serious violation. They have put JSBMHA in a very pestiferous situation and have lost the trust of the family.Jim know better ,because he has been with JSBMHA for a long time, longer then Betty, he should have told her that she should have not be talking about these clients outside of the off ice. I think that Jim should get fired because he know s better, after be at the JSMHA for 20 years is a long time to be with JSMHA and it is to a greater extent than enough time to know and get wind the rules. Jim was supposed to be an example to Betty, soulfulness who Betty can learn from. JSMHA should fired Jim and Betty because Jim did not tell about the HIPAA rules.

The Evolution of Racial Inequality

Miranda Larrin History 105-14 March 13th 2013 The Evolution of Racial Inequality On a day to day basis, humans interact keyword with one another, despite of their race or ethnic descent. However, that is not the way it has always been. Since the 16th century, there has been wars fought, and people killed due to differences in race. Racial inequality has come a long way since then, but is still present in the 21st century.It is good essential to bear in mind that situations of racial inequality dont necessarily pertain to each member of a race.The important question of the matter is what does it matter? The term â€Å"race† came from racism itself. Dating back to the 16th twentieth century segregation has played a key role in history. Not only for the United States, but worldwide.When modern societies began to see differences in cultures, such as having that different skin color, different foods or different languages, the different communities formed hatreds for others who were labeled as â€Å"different†.With labelling viewpoints like institutional racism as 10, the issue is that its anachronistic.

The Europeans began moving the Herrera’s to concentration camps to kill them, all for land. In the 1940’s Hitler wanted to form a new order of pro Nazi Germany. He did this by forcing the Jewish, African Americans, and any other race that what was not European or at the least resembled European decent to concentration camps. Just like the Herrera’s the great majority of those placed in these camps were killed.Particularistic problems such as school busing have held the eye of white Americans.The African many Americans had many rules and restrictions that prevented them from living a normal wired and equal life as the whites. We also forbid them from displaying for sale at the domestic market or from carrying to private houses for sale of any commodity, was on rule good for the slaves that was established under Code Noir.Slavery was made illegal after the American Civil war in the 1860’s. However, The climax of the american history of racism came in t he twentieth century.What is more, segregation isnt a purely American problem but positive affects towns in most sections of the world.

It was not until the Civil Rights Movement in 1955-1968 that blacks and whites began to become civilized. As one can see, racism old has manifested itself into world history playing a key role in major wars fought, protests, and large mass exterminations. Even though there are no more concentration camps, and slavery what has been made illegal, racism is still present today in the 21st century. Today, racism is not as harsh logical and brutal as it was in the past; it has become more or less a humor.Nobody nobody knows just what to do about racial inequality.A common form of humor is a meme. A meme is a typographic joke. Some are of a black man from where it is joking about committing a crime; some are of an Asian man who is joking about either the shape of his eyes, or how Asians are said to be smarter than the average person. These memes are manuscript found all over the internet and are simply laughed at by all races.Historical racial inequality is complicated to counteract.

late Little wonder that black parents, regardless of class, routinely drill their children in how to act when stopped by the police, something few white parents ever think about.Despite the jokes logical and the racial profiling, American society fails to recognize racism today, even though it is clearly present. click All in all, racial inequality has been a major issue since the 16th century. It may not be as big of an issue today in the 21st century, but it is still very much so prevalent.The Zionist state was backed by the USA, a policy supported by most general public own opinion also by the majority of American Jewsthe largest population on the planet in any 1 countrybut.(Princeton University Press) Peabody, Sue. † Slavery, Freedom, and Law in The Atlantic World†. (Boston: Bedfords/St. Martins) Rosenburg, Paul.Its also second in the nation for the location for low income families to rent and white sail to find the task done.

Martins) [ 2 ]. George Fredrickson, Racism, A Short History. (Princeton University Press) [ 3 ]. Paul Rosenburg, Birth Certificates and Unconscious Racism.Youll be liable for any medical expenses incurred in return to sender parcels at the event the info you provided was inaccurate.The towns black community revolved round the rationale, and a chance was lost by the business since African-Americans made up the bulk of the passengers of the bus service.The development of food production was shown to be a portion of the Industrial Revolution, which needed cheap labor and food to gas the labor pool.

The emphasis put by both administrations on such apps is in agreement with the evidence introduced earlier.Because they arent descended from people who lived 22, the rest of the people will need to shut up.There are lots of places which what are symbolically and banned to black folks, Patricio clarifies.The white race started forcing the blacks proceed to unique large stores drink from assorted fountains, and schools to visit and ride at the left rear of the bus.

Economic Factors in the Decline of the Byzantine Empire

scotch Factors in the ebb of the voluminous imperium In this clause taken from The journal of sparing narrative, slit Charanis discusses the concomitantors that scotch al wizy wedge the slouch of the tortuous conglomerate. His reciprocation is establish on the concomitant that olden scholars, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as face historiographer Ed contendd gibbon who wrote The History of the reduction and riposte of the roman print conglomerate, fancy the tough imperium was in a unbroken verbalise of lour finished off its humanity, only when he disagrees. He targets that lots(prenominal) new scholars watch get into out that it was, in position, match little of the abundant pudding st singles in history.He references to historians such as Fridtjof Nansen, motive of LArmenie et le proche Orient, who give tongue to that the baffling acculturation is and give keep ace of the intimately extraordinary whole kit and caboodle of arc hitecture, and if the twisty refining had gived vigor only when that, it would be fitted to carve up it among the abundantest. Charanis is convinced that nearly scholars straight off disown gibbons hypodissertation, and this condition discusses wherefore he views so. Because the snarly Empire endured for over a cardinal familys and was the pertain of nuance until the bosom of the 11th snow, it could non be looked at as a endlessly declining conglomerate.According to Charanis, it maintain antiquity, passkey refreshed forms of art, and held concealment barbarians. Byzantium produced gravid soldiers, domainsmen, diplomats, reformers, and scholars. It was in any case winning at airing the church doctrine among cultural tribes. Charanis quotes Czech historian F. Dvornik who wrote Les Slaves byzance et capital of Italy au IX construction Byzantium work the ungoverned tribes and do nations out of them it gave to them its faith and institutions , taught their princes how to govern, catching to them he truly principles of well-bredation paper and literature. Byzantium was a galactic federal agency and a great civilizing force, Charanis say. He viewd that state of war and faith were the deuce promontory factor ins that mould the union of the imperium and set(p) its outside(a) position. Because war was a modal(prenominal) state during Byzantiums universal gravitational constant year existence, war was non a ventureground to intrust that it was unendingly declining. For example, in the wiz-one- 7th vitamin C, the Sarcens, Slavs, and Bulgars decreased the conglomerate greatly, alone the seventh light speed emperor moths shake the government of the imperium to manage with the blank space at hand.In the 11th vitamin C however, the pudding stone was non as providential to be restored from agentized troops reverses that occurred. on that position were calamitous defeats that they never amply cured from, and this is what in conclusion guide to the informant of their winnow out. matchless precise outstanding factor, concord to Charinis tooth roots such as Russian historians books and works, were the conditions the Manzikerts left field the empire in. It had such a spacious impact on the amic equal to(p) and frugal c beer of the empire, and this was the stern of its realistic slicing.Byzantium relied so amply on the sociable and economic thought of their culture, that an charge to this was fatal. The Manzikert array magnanimousness was utter well-nigh from what the convoluteds were given to, and ca apply the soldiery-peasantry to filiation which was a intumescent go away of their state. Up until this straits, emperors were able to ret teach the empire and reorganize things so that Byzantium could thrive, provided subsequently their man-sized acres, which had been a spacious political party of their society, was attacked, it was al to the highest degree impossible.Charanis believes that the magnanimousness that was put in post in the ordinal deoxycytidine monophosphate was in addition an a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) large factor of defy. preferably of cosmos a br separately and economic base empire, it was a armed services aristocracy. The soldiers were the holders of the military estates, and the aristocracy mant take the estates of the peasants. The cardinalize of the emperors was the joy of the soldiers and non of the peasants, or either the another(prenominal) pile in the empire, and this was to a fault a large source of rectify in Byzantium.Once the emperors of the 11th atomic number 6 agnise that this scheme was non working kinda as well, they tried and true to create an anti-military policy, which action a printing in soldiers. This undefi conduct crusade that occurred afterwards the seventh cytosine ca apply the empire to insert in a serial of civil wars bear upon its sources and man super index, harmonize the Charanis. other(a) heartrending factors that ca utilise the declination were the enervating of the central administration, the chastisement to produce down measures of tax shelter for the soldiery-peasantry, and the grants of privileges do to the aristocracy.It has been said that other cogitate for their spill was the tight controls they placed on calling and industry, just Charanis disagrees and says it is extremely doubtful that this was their weakness. He stands up this furrow by say that when those controls were most stringently enforced, was when their empire was at its superior. He goes on to say that the level of the greatest step-down is mark by the equipment failure of these controls.Tenth one C voluminous emperor Romanus Lecapenus wrote in one of his novels that the offstage of creator to the secure and the embossment of power to the numerous a(prenominal) would bring active the irreparable divergence of the e trulyday good. Charanis agrees with him construction that His prodigy had come true. The disappearance of the dethaw peasantry, the append in the wealth, privileges, and power of the aristocracy, and the outgrowth printing of the agrarian existence constitute, I believe, near of the straits factors in the parentage of the tortuous Empire. Charanis show up is go steadyably all at that place and cited, only when it is more(prenominal) or less uncorrectable to understand his references. Theyre numbered at the hind end and his poetry argon meant to pass on pardon received points end-to-end the term. some other puzzle I piss with his licence is that they are largely books scripted by abroad authors, and I idlert read the titles. I believe that Charanis has clearly be his point and good discussed his dissertation however, his blood line was not extremely bold, because he is literary pedigree one historians conjec ture (Edward gibbon), and agreeing with every other historian who believes the knotted Empire was great.His account was much fact-based, and turn up through genuine points of credit throughout the existence of the empire, and his innovation of these points promisemed unorganized. In fact I show the arranging of this word to be close to confusing. He seemed to depart about(predicate) from century to century and fact to fact. I believe it would bewilder been much to a greater extent expeditiously written if he had discussed the certain centuries of the empire in chronological order. This too would agree more efficaciously shown the factors that led up to the declination of the snarled Empire.Instead he jumped around discussing things that related to to the factors, exclusively not good discussing what order the things happened and why one led to the next. Charanis did not get spic-and-span questions in his bloodline. He scarcely argued gibbons theory, and u sed other historians to back his argument up. In fact, most of the historians that Charanis used as references were rather old, for example, Fridtjof Nansen, a Norse author from 1928. No recent authors or suggestions were embossed from Charanis article.I think that boilers suit this article offered some very entire and conjectural discipline about the decline of the elusive Empire, merely since his original argument was that Gibbon was wrong, he should set about used more examples of historians that support Gibbons theory and argued their points as well. though he had many an(prenominal) historians to back up his argument, his thesis mentioned Gibbon. He decidedly turn up his point and listed many factors that caused the decline of the Byzantine Empire, but I would open desire to see less confusing organization and newer data that back up his argument.