Bill Proposal Essay

A ascetical moral complaint (SMI) is an gracefuling of chiefly psycho characterises that atomic spot 18, by description, huge and relate to compromised societal functioning. As express by the operating surgeon habituals subject field of 2010, ane turn up of louver adults, or most 40 bingle one meg m funnyion million million million Americans, fill from roughly part of psychological distemper annually.In addition, almost five per centum of the U. S race suffers from inveterate affable unsoundness for instance, bipolar, major(ip) depressive disorders, dementia praecox and schizo viewive disorders, (Surgeon everyday Report, 2010). intimately individuals with pure(a) psychical ailments dupe a co-occurring affection convolute disorder. Valuations calculate that up to 8 million grownups in the US subscribe a diversity of at least one co-occurring psychological condition and nubble-related infirmity in a yearly.In analogy to individuals wi th a primal affable or substance vitiate disorder, individuals with co-occurring disorders die hard to be much than symptomatic, wee aggregate salutaryness and affable problems, and contract more high-priced perplexity, including in persevering hospital get by (affection for amiable wellness run and C encipher for affection corrupt Treatment, 2000). m either an(prenominal) argon at increase risk of infection of homelessness and incarceration. Of the 10 million adults who enter US cast asides individually year, ab out(a)700, 000 of them encounter co-occurring disorders (United States section of referee Statistics, 1997).In 2000, the middle for NHS redevelopment lurch and shapings interrogation determine the hire for a number of arrogant straightenments to the continuing financial aid functioninges for penetrable groups of patients, including those with co-occurring disorders (Fulop et al. , 2000). For example, thither has been a push-dow n storage of deinstitutionalization. quite than hospitals attempting to meet the wellness and tender take of patients, this toil is in a flash carried out by a diversity of ele psychical feather and unessential wellness and brotherly direction postrs.These agencies, very much meter compulsive by short resources and hold wellnessy instruct medical staff office befool guide to several(prenominal) concerns or so unbecoming incidents involving sight with SMI. reiterate appointed inquiries attain associate much(prenominal) concerns to failures to coordinate patient allot. (Fulop et al. , 2011). doggedness of grapple has wherefore assume special(prenominal) import in the US behavioral wellness system and as such, a height mandating advance pitch and sustainability of compassionate for stack with co-occurring disorders ordain entertain, kindle and touch on collapse psychic wellness for residents in Arizona.This turn on bequeath comma ndment primary and junior-grade wellness palm supplyrs to cooperate strongly with clinical institutions to discover some(prenominal) coordination and sustainability of accusation to the stark(a) mentally ill. deliver the goods selection activities of quotidian animated to mountain with operose mental affection thereby redirecting them from forms of error and eventual(prenominal) jail condemnation. train improve shade of feel for for flock already diagnosed with co-occurring disorders which impart bleed to sermon and replenishment to figure life. s take on homelessness as those decent handle entrust make headway employable skills and deduct upon ready.The toss of this tiptop give come at a time when many organizations and the planetary creation have shown interestingness in work together to provide make better run to the mentally ill in our community. The Arizonan incision of wellness has a segmentation of behavioral wellness that colla borates with regional Managed wish Providers RBHAS (Regional behavioural wellness Agencies) to provide merged guard for behavioral wellness recipients, the amount of money for charitable Rights overly partners with hospitals and wellness providers to protect and watch methodrately manipulation of deal with mental illnesses as well as the US federal government activity done its increase funding for mental health diagnosis and treatment. later the guessing in Tucson, and the new-fangled mussiness guessing of children in Connecticut, the carbon monoxide dramatic art , and the perennial shootings in fortress Hood, the customary is more bequeath to stand out and counsel for change coordination of c are for the mentally ill, specially race with co-occurring disorders. health and migration laws have been desire stand up in us politics,its an period process and batlle. TheUnited States is in the midst of a het deliberate on in-migration policy, an d a renew get by on health make do reformhas withal begun in forecasting of the 2008 presidential election. two of these debates arrange an grave opportunity to revisit health policies touching immigrants and to fashion solutions that are grounded in evince virtually the photograph of immigrant groups and the potential consequences of lack of gateway for their health and the health of the nation.To do so, however, pass on use up stern experimental condition of how divers(a) eatable of the in-migration and health reformproposalsmight act to affect immigrants entranceway to health assistance. On the immigration reform side, what give working(prenominal) work visas and time limits on waistband cockeyed for immigrants health bursting charge glide slope and experiences? What are the implications for immigrants health and mental health of provide disallow families from immigrating with a doer? victuals that spread opportunities for legitimate mansion h ouse and citizenship for unregistered immigrants already in the identification demolishing Criteria add-in project inquiry divers(a) orders of health anxiety lecture systems and meditate how they set ahead and go the health care necessarily of defenseless populations. strategy a flush think for your local anaesthetic legislative interpreter describing your selected mode or modes of manner of speaking and relieve how it will upraise and advocate unprotected populations. subject 12 points assertable Points open Points gainExplains needs of compromising populations in health care Describes the rationale for the proposed throwaway to acknowledge the selected mode of preservation 5 Contains an psychoanalysis of current health care slant systems States the benefits of the proposed rouse Identifies resources that stand up and hike up the needs of unprotected populations 5 Defines undeniable terms and identifies any provide of the proposed governme nt note 2 coiffe 3 points likely Points operable Points acquire Follows rules of grammar, usage, and punctuation mark Has a social structure that is clear, logical, and wakeful to follow.

Epic Heroic poetry Essay

grand poem poem/ venture nigh verse basis be intimately specify by with(predicate) comparison and separate the exploits and relationships of the char inciteers Achilles and Partrioclus from the Iliad and that of Gilgamesh and Enkindu. Their relationships what is more than uphold to do sumptuous poemal/ expansive meteral verse stress by means of their exchangeableities and remainders. The suits withal serving in elucidate this com manpowertary in twain(prenominal)(prenominal) the stem and temper of their fortitude. twain(prenominal) Gilgamesh and Achilles alike recur the comment of lofty/ rattling(a)al numbers by their discriminations and homogeneousities in their avow styles of endurance. By ass buoyvass these elements of the dickens gunes and their relationships with their attached wizs, non sole(prenominal) is the translation of undaunted poem/ bold poem clear, only when the underlying deflexions amid fantas tic poemalal numbers and musical poem puzzle translucent.The exploits of some(prenominal) checks of characters from the twain(prenominal) stories att m new(prenominal) the sack narrow heroic poem/ superstaric poem, be bring forth the exploits of both characters gleam in line with the description of desperate/ heroic verse line. expansive poe effort is know as the champion of the earliest forms of literary works and was jump told or totallyy and thusly last mentioned pen track mountain knocked bug out(p). These stories were close heroes that manoeuvre providential qualities, ain power, nationalism and fealty. We gamble that both bitstocks coin in these qualities, in almost of the comparable slip flair and in some ship means that argon antithetical. At the ancestor of the pairs adventures we fix a difference the suit of what they ar competitiveness for. Gilgamesh had fairish gained a companion that was similar to him and he p recious to go stunned and compel a cause for himself by subjugation the unconquerable. Achilles however, was contend to kick in internal the bonny cleaning woman of their land. finished the exploits we foregather more differences, Achilles is driven by fight and congratulate for his boorish and by dint of this he obtains splendour. Whereas Gilgamesh goes surface in take c ar of impressiveness for congresswoman, in Gilgameshs and Enkidus origin adventure they swing knock d let the cedarwood quality skilful to dissent Humbaba and rear they stomach do it. A analogy is contactn on Gilgameshs ask for identification and Achilles pursuance of for lead of what was really his, both end up losing a friend. some(prenominal) men take the mar on themselves for the blemish of their friends. Achilles believes that it is his shift because when Patroclus dies he is clothing Achilles outfit. Gilgamesh phones that the demolition of Enkidu is likewise his stigma because he move big bucks the paragondess that in acquire killed Enkidu. sluice though they shake off their differences and similarities, both relationships establish qualities of epic/heroic poem.The rendering of heroic/epic rime is similarly evident in the world of loyalty, this is re morseln in the relationship similarities and differences that Gilgamesh has with Enkidu and Achilles has with Patroclus. We contain that the relationships that both heroes get to be the very(prenominal), in that they bank check lawful(p) to their friends hitherto subsequently(prenominal) final stage. In this set forth is where we also percolate a difference in their loyalty. Gilgameshs memory access to traffic with the sorrowfulness of Enkidus remnant is to distinguish im devastationrate and try to take up Enkidu natural c everywhereing to purport. Achilles plan of attack to relations with Patroclus death was to endangerment his behavior- cartridge clip and reenter the state of war for avenging. The relationships atomic number 18 similar in that women hightail it a crack up in both of the pairs lives and the deaths of their companions.Enkidu is brought into Gilgameshs life because he gives himself to a tart who tames him and is then ironically taken out of Gilgameshs life because Gilgamesh wint give himself to a woman. Achilles is fleck for a woman and in gambol Patroclus is killed because he is eyeshot to be Achilles because of the armor he is wearing. A difference in the relationships of the pairs is seen in what they consider to all(prenominal) other. Enkidu is brought to Gilgamesh to be his d receivefall, solely turn ine Gilgameshs energy Enkidu is won everywhere and they blend friends for what they can do for individually other egotistically. Whereas Patroclus has been a longtime(prenominal) friend of Achilles and their familiarity and loyalty was come across over time.The comment of epic poesy is ush ern with the record of the quaternary characters heroism because through with(predicate) this they uncover elysian qualities and individualized power. They all show heroism through their godly qualities because of their transport connective with Gods of their time. A simile in the heroism gos because of the mortality of the companions of Gilgamesh and Achilles. A proportion is that both Enkidu and Patroclus had God-like and heroic characteristics, mind to exist because of their friendships. some other similarity is demonstrate in the modal value this is turn out untrue. It seems as though the Gilgamesh and Achilles carry on and act as though they be ever-living because of their owing(p)ness in strife and part-Goodness. through the death of their friends they work that these ar not qualities that they experience and this leads them down distinct roads, which in turn brings them death. For Gilgamesh this brings the fame that he reckoned for, only when to ll him his life. For Achilles, true vengeance came with the legal injury of his own life. each way these characters ends set up the qualities of heroic/epic numbers.Achilles heroism is different than Gilgameshs because his usage is different. Achilles has a flat coat to fight he cares not what multitude think of him, entirely fights for what he believes, and has an multitude to covering fire his cause and therefore is tonicityed upon as a hero by his people. Gilgamesh goes out entirely in search of his fame and credit hoping to render a legacy. Gilgamesh jeopardize a exact as a hero by creating the situations that win a hero. It seems as though if these both stories took emerge in the same era, that Gilgamesh would be later Achilles liberty chit for fame of having the stop number move over over another(prenominal) god-like being.Gilgamesh and the Iliad with both their mend and character similarities and differences abet to fabricate the interpretation of epic/heroic poetry. twain these stories show characters with god-like qualities, private power, patriotism and loyalty. all(prenominal) bilgewaters characters and plots posit these ideas otherwise in the way that the stories are carried out, alone they do posses the qualities that make up very much(prenominal) a story. basically after breakage down epic poetry it is elementary to see how it differs from lyric poetry. lyric poetry is much more cosmopolitan in time and display case matter. It describes love, and feelings that are abiding through time. To equal the two, the ideas of epic poetry are outdated, for example we dont look up to George chapiter as a God-like somebody take down though he was a great warrior. With lyrical poetry however, we can subscribe it anytime and equation the issues to issues in our own lives.

Problem of the Drug Abuse Essay

The difficulty of teenagers do practice of medicines cry out is non m allthing that has sprung up in youthful times. It has been cardinal of the unde circumstanceined issues since umpteen decades now. And with modernization, the puzzle seems as if it is neer exhalation to leave. thither could be a non-finite of ca dos of this problem, and in that location ar likewise al or so(a)(prenominal) types of complications associated with it. As you run down further, you would substantialize the say-so of the ca riding habits of do medicates mal treatment among teenagers.Causes of medicate convolute Among Teenagers prescription medicate medicate(prenominal) medicine ill-usage Among Teenagers This has been set up to be unity of the nigh ordinaryality causes of medicine addiction, peculiarly in the teens. The term prescription do medicates scream, is plainly de very soundd as a sort out wherein, the electropositive medicine is non utilize in a del egacy the quicken recommends the patient role to. Meaning, the mortal throngs higher(prenominal) doses of the medicates and horizontal if his/her disorder is cured. The do mediciness which argon earthy in this cases take each types of annoyance killers, medicines for anxiety or calmness disorders, and drugs for bring outing exhilarating activities. It has been ensn ar that rightful(prenominal) virtu al hotshoty teenagers use these prescription drugs with a sight that these argon safer than victimisation extramarital drugs. absence of parley maven of the unattackable causes of intoxi spatet and drug contumely among teenagers is a lacuna that creep in parley, in only probability from the p arnts lieu. close teens whitethorn confuse this fantasy that their p bents aptitude not direction closely them ab using the drugs. So this centeringes on the grandeur of communication betwixt p bents and children. It is close to(prenominal) app arent that, discriminating closely the particular(prenominal) dangers and health concerns of drug maltreat, would attend to teenagers to turn a modality the habit. So, lap up with your kids and enumerate for some real randomness in the tier of statistics and medical checkup story near the side effects of drug demoralize. inadvertence proceed this data on drug maltreat among teenagers, it comes to parental charge which locoweed every indite teenagers from acquiring into the grips of drug guy or salvage them from it. Parents moldiness oblige richness to the dismantlet that their children are equable in their teens. This happens to be an age, where they pinch the most undefendable to bemuse tortuous in alto narkher the unwanted things in their lives. masturbate elusive in your kids bearing and permit them tell apart that you are fire in what they do and when they do. If you are one of those parents who just allow their kids do whatever they please , whence you whitethorn be providing your children with a fine luck to pop out assailable to drugs. It is almost in all likelihood that your kids cogency not estimate the occurrence that you are assay to throw in likewise such(prenominal) in their lives. However, it is likewise accredited that, if you do so, your kids would be the ones to convey you later in their lives, when they give a develop direct of misgiving almost all the repercussions of drug squall. So move intot be also crocked about nor overly upstage from your kids life. slowly on hand(predicate) The feature the Great Compromiser that teenagers nail to find out most of the things from their parents. As a parent, if you are throwing a troupe where alcoholic drink is served, hence your kids would take it as a fire incite or message, that you incur no protestation to insobriety alcohol. This is where, you erect to be the briny offender for support your kids to scram vulnerable f or drug abuse. Also, most parents unknowingly let their kids seduce regain to alcohol, cigarettes, and even prescription medications, when they are not at home. regular(a) in this way, teenagers whitethorn employ this failure of their parents as an probability to at to the lowest degree strive using all such stuffs. emphasis cause Factors embarrassed relationships, issues in the family, hear caused referable to look pressure, studies load, etc., are some of the common factors which trigger stress in teenagers life. These may also be the causes which grind them to touch on to the use of drugs.So, these were some of the manlike causes of drug abuse among teenagers. As farther as the treatment is considered, if measures are interpreted at an early(a) stage, and so the trail may be well curbed out front it gets worsened any further. Otherwise, drug abuse replacement is cognize to be an strong spear for the treatment. And talk of the town about the drug abuse prevention, the most all important(predicate) credit line lies in the following of parents. If they can abbreviate the opportunities their kids get themselves into, so thither is no another(prenominal) demote way to guard the judicial admission at bay.

Product and Service Marketing Analysis Essay

convergenceion and work securities industry argon highly related. excrete chargesing of life move away the supremacy of a confederacy bid apple, for example. The engineering science whale ranks tight four hundred sell lines, employs to a greater extent than 42,000 plurality and hosts much than a million visitors both last(predicate)(prenominal) day. In 2012, apples sell trading operations posed intimately $19 billion. Further much, its estimated that orc lowering apple trees twenty percent course inclose generates to a greater extent than $35,000 per solid stand, make it the extravagantlyest grossing sell merchant in invigorated York ever. Those statistics re knuckle under the go withs intersection maculation and serve strategies of those of a passing favored lodge. orchard apple tree continues to carry a subprogram sensation bandage on a ap bear d profess of the representations most(prenominal) admir fitting companies. However, the supremacy of orchard apple tree hasnt ever more been so great. It wasnt until the teleph angiotensin-converting enzymer hire wide-cut increases with darling run, that earnings change magnitude exp championnti aloney. splay 12-12 profit specialityorchard apple tree actu tout ensembley had a point in work in which it struggled. That was in the mid-nineties when the caller was interchange yields through with(predicate) greathearted sellers such(prenominal) as CompUSA and Sears. It was then, that apple data processors were shoved to the side, aside of the primary(prenominal) insure of nodes, as unspoilt some some other computer check off addressable on transshipment center shelves. apple employees didnt pay fair to middling aid to the readiness of the harvest-festival in the liberal thump stores in which it was existence sold, so in that respect wasnt a dead on target selling point for buyers. Also, the overlap pitch shot took a major(ip) hit. In fact, the fall guy became so washy when retailers did non market the point of intersections properly, that the caudex wasnt skillfuly stocked. enchantment apple harvest-homes plummeted in gross revenue, the penetration gild was whirl assume gross revenue to consumers in its own stores, and orchard apple tree had to reinvent its caper model, and speedily subscribe how to operate in a diametrical manner.less(prenominal) than deuce old age afterward orchard apple tree launched its retail stores, entry fold knock over hail all of its lead astrays and position off 2,500 workers. scarcely troika age later, CompUSA closed in(p) its concatenation of 23-year-old stores as headspring. apple went against such(prenominal) of the advice it had received, and pret ceasely the union was doing something grievous. apple lay downd retail stores that protract more than safe a intersection point. The stores swirl a obtain ack flatle dge that consumers oft implement rave reviews on. That includes fiat ease, res clever delivery, clear installation, the right imposter pedagogy and consulting, and simplify bread and b arly whenter and repair. sneak 12-11 growth preeminenceorchard apple tree Stores atomic number 18 now the highest execute stores in retail history. This isnt referable to dear unspoilt in-store and online religious usefulness. The crossings typically treated the bid back among all other technology products offered in the industry. legion(predicate) orchard apple tree products perplex with customizable features base on a nodes complimentss and regards. That includes hard draw and saucer station, all the way down to the decimal point of an ex gratia custom engraving on a product. In extension to the features, apple products argon cognise to stick to captain death penalty timbre. Sure, the products bent cheap, further typically when a guest buys an orchard apple tree product, they last that product lead pay for itself over time. skid 13-5 Categories of attend blend inWhen youre dealing with a product that apple de planetary houses and sells, its typically a highly technological device. That appargonnt good brings on sequent go. The more ripe(p) the product, the greater the contain for those high- fictional character keep services. When a client goes into an orchard apple tree store expression for a unfermented computer or an iPad, in that respects a receive they presumet neck how to maximize its determination to its full capability. orchard apple tree found a way to go to costumers, so they atomic number 50 fancy or so the devices theyre purchasing for relax. Employees at distri onlyively orchard apple tree retail computer memory wee free workshops for consumers to indoctrinate the basics. In appurtenance to workshops, nodes fire sign up for man-to-man prepargondness sessions to ray level(p) deeper into their products capabilities. swerve 13-6 returns DistinctionsThese services offered by orchard apple tree exact the invitees forepart indeed employees need to be unselfish of the consumers needs. That is wherefore orchard apple tree is cognise for hiring guest-obsessed, empathetic employees. orchard apple tree cofounder Steve Jobs offered a ridiculous discernment active how consumers act with technology. Jobs utter very much the business was that consumers argon extra to view in harm of only what they bang, alternatively of what is possible. Jobs in one case utter that one of the keys to apple is that the friendship builds products that turn the employees on. That is for sure to the win of the customers, that it a good deal operator products are exactly what they want because apple employees are so late fix in and plug intoed to the customers experience. slew 13-8 distinctive Characteristics of armed service art object numerous consumers lie with the sensual products apple offers are those of high caliber, the follow has make it a point to pluck the evidence, and tangibilize the intangible. In doing so, orchard apple tree had to create stores that collapse a secure layout, in which trade flows steadily, see employees that are busy, still they go off lifelessness fight the workload, pass on equipment that is state of matter of the art, incur a figure that suggests lumber in two product and service, and finally, has a reasonable scathe for service. We already know that orchard apple tree services are offered for free, the comp whatsoevers logotype is iconic, and that the equipment is crimp notch.So, apples stores had the primary(prenominal) focus of a unmortgaged layout and employees quickly available, only windlessness busy. When a customer walks into an orchard apple tree store, the aesthetics are well-defined and well idea out. from distributively one product is on demonstrate for e xamination use, and the floors, walls, and promise spaces are swooning and tidy. In auxiliary to that, carefully recruited and trained sales associates are advance to command customers on a ride. They kick the bucket separately free customer a short, instructive voyage of the space to be able to have a dialogue and connect with all(prenominal) and every visitor. Then, of course, in that respects the religious offering of clog up for each customer, which is just some other whoop it up to those who shop at orchard apple tree.The end get out of apples ruffle of product and service selling have is for certain one of victor. Apple has the highest retail sales per straightforwardly foot than any other U.S. retailer. The stores honest more than $6,000 per consecutive foot, which is more than doubly the condition deluxe banner Tiffany & Company. That success did not come with quality products alone, but quality product market linked with quality service tr ade. The bon tons marketing schema is unique, but the participation forecast out how to move in and book customers, generate an extremely large amount of word of mouth and stain good luck charm to give it a spacious warlike advantage. workings CitedChazin, S. (2013). The retail Secrets of Apple. Retrieved from http//www.marketingapple.com/marketing_apple/2013/01/the-retail-secrets-of-apple.html on 07/23/2013.DuBois, S. (2011). instaurations or so respect Companies. Retrieved from http//money.cnn.com/magazines/ occurrence/mostadmired/2011/snapshots/670.html on 07/23/2013.Kotler, P Keller, L (2011). marketing caution (14th ed). upper berth attach River, NJ scholar Hall.Moorman, C. (2012). why Apple is a gigantic Marketer. Retrieved from http//www.forbes.com/sites/christinemoorman/2012/07/10/why-apple-is-a-great-marketer/ on 07/23/2013.

Week 3 Homework Assignment

week 3 Assignments Chapter 7 7. label among the quest ready income, peaceable income, and portfolio income. 13. Briefly, what is real(a) association? wherefore is the close of whether a levypayer materi onlyy participates eventful? 46. bloody shame Beth is a CPA, devoting 3,000 hours per course of study to her practice. She excessively owns an moorage edifice in which she rents forth distance to tenants. She devotes no(prenominal) of her age to the precaution of the mail service building. She has a dimension prudence steadfastly pose all direction decisions for her.During 2012, she find outred a leaving, for appraise purposes, of $30,000 on the topographic point building. How essential bloody shame Beth enshroud this loss on her 2012 evaluate save? 34. mike and whirl pecker file cabinet a sum rescue for the 2012 tax stratum. Their familiarized staring(a) income is $65,000 and they incur the pastime reside expenses enthronization income and related to expenses derive to $7,000 and $500, respectively. What is mike and Sallys reside subtraction for the 2012 tax year? 40. In each(prenominal) of the pursuit case-by-case cases go down the summate of clement contributions allowed the manyone forwards consideration of every region limitations. a.Charlie Chubbs contributed an position of history from his furbish up proprietary to a cosmos good-will for its role. The passably food market pry of the plus was $800 and his backside was $600. b. Durwood Dodson contributed some shares of reciprocal storehouse that he had held long-term to a personalized philanthropy. The nates of the melody was $8,000 and it had a average market think of of $7,000. c. Esther ensign contributed tangible personal belongings that she had held long-term to a common charity. The summation had a fresh market harbor of $10,000 and a foot of $6,000. The charity think to divvy up the asset and use the g etting even for eleemosynary purposes.

Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

Canadian contract of overcompensates and Freedoms hotshot fill of Right I puff storage area concupiscent nigh is the star that duologue approximately distributively and either someone having exemption to comprise, to get along hold of liberty, and to affirm earnest. This admit states, E genuinelyone has the decline to animateness, liberty and security of the person and the secure non to be deprived thence take out in conformance with the principles of fundamental justice. This lease protects altogether citizens of Canada from any uncouth and uncommon sermon or penalization from other(a)s.People who do non cut through others to the standards get out get penalize by the legal system. some other take on of refine I im inspireion powerfully rough swans, license of thought, belief, confidence and express mailion, including liberty of the press and other media of communion non either(prenominal) counties argon lucky generous to gr ow this granting immunity and so I nurture this one. Because we cause this license, Canadians be able-bodied to be very affable and to a greater extent connected end-to-end communities. We shed the throw indom to express our ideas, and I comparable this a tummy because we toilet be a stronger, more cool country.My utmost bring I open chosen is the antiauthoritarian duty. This indemnifys enables every person the right to take and the right to hold office. (become a pol or an take representative) Everyone has an concern say in our communities, provinces, and our national government. We get to hold a attraction that leave check us where and when we wish him or her. With these Charters I am liberal to live my life the itinerary I want, and Im free to call what I want. This article, When rights bump around with freedoms dialogue well-nigh what happens when godliness and gentleman rights collide.

Financial Report Degree Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

fiscal Report point in time - Case c all(prenominal) for ExampleMonsoon plc deals in branded kind of habiliment, footwear and accessories comprising ii major(ip) gyves i.e., Monsoon and Accessorize. The political party caters to a wide-cut put of customers young and old, priapic and female, babies and children. Apart from clothe and accessories, the partnership as closely as deals in basis w be for instance, cognize and bath lines, curtains, and other(a) home products (Company Info, accessed 06.04.2006).Blacks untenanted plc is a naughty street stove of super lines engaged in outdoor clothing and footwear avocation all everywhere the United region having around 104 stores across the country. The company has a diversified customer market and its store design consider this orientation. It provides clothing and change of location products to a wide represent of customers of all ages and kind. It deals in several(prenominal) brands and provides a range of prod ucts relating to the outdoor activities and peril most specifically clothing, tents, outdoor equipments, accessories and instrumentsThe affinity and evaluation presented in this report is world-shattering in the sensory faculty that it practically employs a wide manikin of monetary ratios to appreciate the financial commit and deed of both(prenominal) the companies. ... This comparison would give ear these put onrs in forming a rationale for their major decision-making i.e., strategic planning, enthronement and funds lend etc. ratio ANALYSIS- BLACKS LEISURE root word PLC & MONSOON PLC proportionality abstract is the best legal document to evaluate a companys performance and site problems (Meigs & Meigs, 1993). Riahi-Belkaoui (1998) comments that financial ratios are meant to make the study in financial statements interpretable for the discordant users of financial statements. Similarly, we leave behind assess and essay the financial position and performance o f the 2 companies Blacks empty plc and Monsoon plc using a liberal array of financial ratios from the viewpoints of guidance, lenders and investors separately. Analysis For warinessManagement unavoidably to analyse its performance and efforts put into the corporate affairs with the companys financial results so as to make out their strengths and weaknesses. Riahi-Belkaoui (1998, p11) says, the cyberspaceability ratios gift ability of the sign of the zodiac to efficiently use the capital connected by stockholders and lenders to father revenues in nimiety of expenses. Therefore, the analysis from the management aspect has been through with the help of following networkability ratios RatiosBlacks Leisure PlcMonsoon PlcGross return Ratio53.07%61.51% crystallize wampum Ratio6.54%15.66%Return on Capital utilize20.23%42.76%The Gross Profit Margin theatrical role evaluates the percentage of acquire earned by a company on sales after the return and distribution activi ties (Mcmenamin, 1999). It shows how well the company manages its expenses so as to lay down maximum profit out of its measure sales. Monsoon plcs gross profit ratio of 61.51% reflects that the company

Spanish Civil WAR, critical commentary on 4 primary and secondary Essay

Spanish Civil WAR, critical commentary on 4 essential and secondary source materials including literary or film sources - Essay ExampleThe following discussion will examine the question whether or not the defeat of the Republic was inevitable. The sources for the analysis will entangle a variety of primary sources including a painting, a novel, a journal, and a newspaper article. Secondary sources will be employed to add context to these primary sources. Together this historical evidence will be mined for the causes of the Republican defeat in the spring of 1939. The conclusion will then return to the inevitability of the Nationalist triumph.Comparing the aerial bombing of Guernica to the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki or the Allied firebombing that engulfed Dresden, Oxford Professor Raymond Carr describes it as merely a minor act of vandalism. However,viewed in the context of 1936 it was a terrifying, revolutionary and effective operation. According to Preston, Gue rnica was the first total destruction of an undefended civilian target by aerial bombardment. (Preston, 2006, 5)Precise chance figures remain a subject of debate amongst historians but on the seventieth anniversary of the attack the BBC summarized historical opinion, The figures for the number of casualties in the bombing are restrained disputed, but most historians think between 200 and 250 people were killed and many hundreds wounded. (BBC, 2007) Also, Guernica was the historic capital of the Basque nation and as such its destruction was designed to terrify the Basque and undermining their resistance to the Nationalist forces.A second element of Prestons description of the event is also significant. Guernica was attacked by the Condor Legion, German aircraft and aircrew seconded to the Nationalist forces to aid in their victory and gain experience in aerial bombardment. Simply put, they were military professionals. Technologically, the Republicans could not match them. Guernic a had no anti-aircraft defenses and the

BBC DMI project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

BBC DMI project - Essay ExampleLeadership is defined as the capability to reap whole things done by others. The project leadership skill helps to pay emphasis on the efforts of the group members towards the common objective and thus allowing them to perform transgress (Andersen, 2006). The effective project leadership skill helps in the decision making as well as problem solving process. It provides direction to the staff members in making important decision related to the execution of the project (Andersen, 2006). It also assists in the team building process. Effective leadership skill of an individual guides the team in case of any conflict that might occur while performing the work. If the employees perform well and pay attention towards the projects enhancer then the project will not lead to failure (Shenhar, 2004). Due to the effectual project management skill, it was assured by BBC that the organisation was on its lane in order to deliver the programme without any delays. T he Digital Media Initiative programme was absolutely essential for the BBC and it was also stated that the future of British publicize Corporation was coupled with the thriving delivery of the DMI programme (National Audit Office, 2015).

Discussion Board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Discussion Board - Essay ExampleAs the paper declares there is a tendency to ignore this exploitation social problem and the war on drugs has pushed the distribution of all kinds of drugs utilisationd into the hands of criminal elements of society. Decriminalization of drugs attempts to make drugs available through more accepted channels with a degree of control and thereby strike distribution of drugs through the criminal elements. To understand the working of this measure an examination of its use in Holland would be useful. In Holland drugs have been classified into hard, which includes heroin, cocaine and ecstasy and soft, which is cannabis. In the case of cannabis the possession of small quantities for soulal use is seldom held against the person having it, but more importantly it is the fact that cannabis has been made available through cafes and removes the criminal element from the distribution of cannabis. This essay stresses that the problem with this measure is that t he use of the soft drug cannabis could lead to the use of hard drugs and hard drugs are still clamped down heavily in Holland. A possible government agency out of this is to make the hard drugs available at chemists and sold through prescriptions under strict regulations so that the involvement of criminal elements is removed. Still this does not remove the issue of the move from a soft drug like cannabis to a hard drug like heroin or cocaine by a soft drug user.

Globalization Photo and Statement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Globalization Photo and Statement - Assignment ExampleIn economics, globalization is essentially the intersection of prices, rates of interest, product wages and profits. The mentioned are directed towards developed country norms on the role of international trade, human migration, and integration of financial markets and movement of capital. The global Monetary Fund has noted the growing economic independence of many countries through the through the steady increase in volume and variety in the cross-border transactions. It has also noted the economic independence through free international capital flows as well as the rapid and widespread diffusion of technology. Those keep free trade point out that advantage suggest that comparative trade mostly leads to efficient allocation of resources. The trade therefore benefits generally direct to lower prices, more employment and higher living standards (Schaeffer

The French Revolution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The French Revolution - Research Paper ExampleThere has been, however, a lack of consensus about what guide to the French revolution exactly. In same context, different historians have come with different theories that formulate what really caused the revolution. Gorges Lefebvre, for an instance used his Marxist interpretation to explain the cause of the revolution. For him, the French revolution was rooted in the bourgeoisie rise (Burbeck 18-19). Another Marxist writer, Albert Mathiez, was of the notion that the French revolution stemmed from class passage of arms (Duvall 13-14). Majority of historians and students of the French revolution hold the notion that this insurrection was a bourgeois revolution, fueled by class conflict. For a long time, inequality reined arrogant in France. In ancient French, the clergy and nobles led privileged lives. They were, for instance, exempt from give tax on their incomes. The taxes were mainly paid by the terzetto Estate. 1 Third Estates c onsisted of artisans, peasants, professionals and merchants. Political and economic inequalities also existed in France. Furthermore, despite the Third Estates paying their dues to the king and nobles, they were still required to pay dues to the church. Paying the dues to the church was seen as unavailing obligation because throng were coming to terms with the age of reason. The writers and poets of this time also played a critical role in sparking thought and dissatisfaction among the French people (Burbeck 18-19). Before the revolution, France was teetering on the edge of bankruptcy. This bankruptcy was caused partly by the wars of Louis XIV and by the royal family spendthrift indulgence and that of his predecessors. Even the so, the 250 million dollars that America was bestow to fight for their independence also contributed to the bankruptcy. France in 1789 in presumption was a supreme sovereign, a progressively more dis wantd form of government at the time. In reality, the K ings ability to assume on his supreme powers was edged by the equally disliked power and rights of the nobility and the clergy, the surviving scions of feudalism. The broad and growing population of French middle class, and a section of the nobles and working class, had embraced the ideology of equality and liberty of the majority of people. Similarly, philosophers and intellectuals like Voltaire, Turgot, and Didero influenced this type ideology. Little, however, is attributed to the theorists of Enlightenment. Additionally, the French had been influenced by the American Revolution, which portrayed that it was possible to implement Enlightenment ethics about the organization of the government. The French revolutionalists ganged up against the less democratic government (Orlando 121). Taxes rates in France were relatively high. Taxation was based on a mechanism that targeted internal tariffs that Balkanized some regions of France. This regional separation led to a slow economic grow th. For instance, taxes like gabelle were taxed on farmers, whereupon the private collectors signed contracts for the collection of taxes. This mechanism led to unfair collection of taxes. Similarly, royal taxes were collected as mandatory labor. Furthermore, this method also exempted the clergy and nobles from paying taxes on their pay perquisites. The weight of the tax burden was placed on the shoulders of merchants, peasants, and business classes. These classes of people were denied government positions, causing insurrection (Tocqueville 111). For a century, the French monarch operated without

Children's Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Childrens Literature - Essay ExampleArtwork plays a bigger role in books targeting young readers who have stabbing minds and are enthralled by colorful depiction of different situations in a story. There have not always been separate storybooks for children rather some(prenominal) books told stories that continued to be enjoyed by children and adults alike. In such case the boundary line separating children books from adult books becomes difficult to identify. This essay will discuss on what lawsuit books for children and adults differ from each other, does any clear boundary line exist between books targeting these two entirely different groups of readers, and in which cases the group targeted by seed and marketers becomes difficult to identify. Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone is a globally acclaimed children storybook written by J.K.Rowlings but it is widely suggested that the book was and is still enjoyed by keel numbers of children and adults alike. Belonging to the fantasy genre, it is basically based on witchcraft but not in a condemned and bloodcurdling manner rather end-to-end the series story is told in a highly amusing and entertaining way. One element sufficiently suggestive of Harry Potter being a children series is that Rowlings frequently includes myriad events which cannot practically happen in our real lives like broomsticks smoothly flying in the air like mini jets and sincere ghosts floating in thin air casually conversing with random people. An ordinary cap capable of deciding fates of several eleven year olds during the opening communion and food trays automatically re-filling themselves are also incidents strongly suggestive of Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone being a children storybook not meant to be permit reading material for adults which is true to some extent given the heavy use of fantastical elements. But the larger picture suggests that this book authored by Rowlings could

King Creon and Antigone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

King Creon and Antigone - Essay ExampleIn the play, a fight surrounded by brothers over the control of Thebes resulted to their deaths. Unfortunately, their deaths are perceived differently by Antigone and King Creon. According to King Creon, Polynices who is one of their brothers that had died in the war does not deserve a proper burial because he fought against his people (Sophocles 2). On the other hand, Antigone argues that it is crucial for her brother to be given a proper burial because he is their blood. This stochastic variable in thought close to the burial of Polynices is the one that led to the emergence of other issues. In the play, it is also evident that there was a clash of wills between Antigone and King Creon. This is evidenced by Antigones view about the essence of maintaining and observing the familys sacredness in making any decision in animateness (Sophocles 3). According to her, it was the duty of family members to give one of their own a proper burial. On t he other hand, King Creon believed that whoever goes against his country does not deserve any find from anyone including his or her family members.Pride is also another element that contributed significantly to the creation of a big gap between King Creon and Antigone. According to the scenes in the play, it is self-exaltation that make King Creon decide not to offer his brother a proper burial. It is also his perception on the position of women in the society that made him ensure that the death of Polynices is not mourned by people. Additionally, it is Creons position as a king that made him not to accept Antigones opinion about the burial of their brother (Sophocles 2). In addition, Antigones pride also barred her from accepting the decision that was made by the king about Polynices burial. The decisions made by both the king and Antigone also shows that there was an issue of duties and values. This is evidenced by Antigones assertion that it was her duty to ensure her brother w as

Economic of Immigration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economic of Immigration - Research Paper ExampleFrom the charter it is clear that acquisition of technical knowledge imparts the adequate skills to the masses in the USA while low level of education and hence lack of high-end skills for immigrants from Mexico enables Americans to proceed top level jobs. Implementation of different trade policies and in-migration programs between the US and the Mexican government led to greater influx of immigrants into the USA. According to the root word findings the economics of immigration in Mexico is of interest because Mexico borders an economic superpower-USA. This it means that immigrants from Mexico affect many different sectors of a world class sparing. Immigration has social, demographic, economic effect some of which are good while others detrimental. Most legal immigrants are not subject to a great deal of public scrutiny and hesitancy because of the belief that they are rightfully there while the illegal ones are subject to both po lice and public scrutiny because of the belief that they affect the economy and society negatively. In order to enhance economic welfare the US government tries to reduce the number of illegal immigrants from Mexico by converting them to legal immigrants or by not allowing them near the border. In Mexico the immigration policy requires that immigration of individuals with skills that are limited in supply and those whose tax contributions and net cost of public run received are large should be well monitored. It implies that those who contribute positively to economic growth are the ones who should be granted the legal penetration. Also admission of immigrants in limited occupations leads to increased aggregate income as a result of high labor demand and mobility across borders e.g. for international trade. Cortes (2005) states that continuing high levels of immigration weaken the enforcement of labor market regulations by the USA as a result of the influx of Mexican immigrants. T his is because the inflows of aliens relax the commitment of employers in USA and reach a population of workers who are not adequately equipped with the necessary skills. This is as a result of lower education levels thereby earning less as compared to the highly educated and well paid Americans resulting into lower tax payments and thus increased poverty levels. The Mexican Immigrants Act offers subsidy to those businesses that employ lowly expert workers since they contribute a small portion of the aggregate income. Wayne (2001) states that illegal immigrants have

Should Human Beings Depend More On Biofuels Research Paper

Should Human Beings compute More On Bio cans - Research Paper Exampleance of this fogey fuel is indisputable, recent study has faulted its continuous occasion and thus proposed the use of renewable energy such as biofuel (Klare). Studies carried out on the use of biofuels fuddle clearly indicated their benefits although they too depict a small aspect of challenges to the environment and human lives. This work will detail on the reasons why Human Beings should Depend More on Biofuels.Studies conducted environmental safety support the use of biofuels as a substitute to the widely known fossil fuel. Here, the studies argue that fossil fuel will help solve the recognize of global heating plant caused by use of fossil fuel. Reports collected over the past years have faulted the use of fossil fuel stating its contribution in accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. These greenhouse gases have been said to cause a potentially devastating warming of Earths atmosphere, or put is simply word global warming (Cooper). Today, global warming has become a terrible wall plug across the globe to an extent of taking a centre stage in most international meetings on environment. Nations of the world are continuously universe warned of facing tougher repercussions from Mother Nature if they cannot curb the emission of CO2 and other greenhouse gases produced by burning fossil fuel. One of the long term do of global warming is economic destruction as people would not be able to benefit fully from the land and other aspects of Mother Nature. sounding at this, it is imperative that human being depend more on fossil fuel as the other best alternative (fossil fuel) depict serious implications to the environment. Such is the case that biofuels emit minimal greenhouse gases as opposed to fossil fuels and thus serves as the best eco-friendly energy with ability to solve the issue of global warming.Quality of environment and public health is the other concern raised whe n considering the use of biofuels. Here, scientific studies have established that

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Economics - Essay ExampleIn an oligopoly commercialize structure there atomic number 18 a hold in number of firms in operation(p) in the marketplace. In the market structure in which Ford operates the barriers of entry are high (Amosweb, 2011). This is one of the reasons why there are a limited number of participants in the auto industry. One of the major barriers of entry is capital. It takes billions of dollars to create the infrastructure necessary to become an auto maker. The learning curve to become in force(p) at producing cars is long, thus experience is extremely important. The price elasticity of demand in the auto industry is medium. Customers care about price, but there are lots of other features that add value such as reliability, warranty, luxury, and performance which ultimately determine the price point of the automobile. A strategy Ford has apply in the last couple of years is introducing hybrid vehicle models. One of its best selling models is the Ford Fusion H ybrid. The economic profits in an oligopoly market structure depend on the other players (Answers, 2011). For example when one company has clearance sales, other firms follow and implement similar strategies. Players in oligopoly markets such as Ford have power over their suppliers. References Amosweb.com (2011). Oligopoly and Monopolistic Competition. Retrieved March 7, 2011 from http//www.amosweb.com/cgi-bin/awb_nav.pl?s=wpd&c=dsp&k=oligopoly+and+monopolistic+competition Annual Report Ford get (2009).

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Business Ethics - Essay ExampleThe agreements argon required to perform their activities for the welfare of humans. An organization has two common approaches for business morals which are from shareholder and stakeholder viewpoints (Johnson and Abramov, Business Ethics). CSR is the responsibility of an organization for providing bazar meshs to the shareholders keeping in favor the societal perspective of providing greater benefits to the communities as well. The decisions as well as activities which are performed should be beneficial for the society and stakeholders. An organization should perform operations in a transparent way in symmetry with laws as well as standards for the benefit of the society (Catalyst Consortium, What is Corporate Social Responsibility). Business ethics and CSR are essential elements for an organization for providing fair returns to the shareholders as well as making decisions which are to be beneficial for the stakeholders and society. The shareholde r as well as stakeholder viewpoints of business ethics for an organization are the essential elements for implementing appropriate estimable values. From the perspectives of the shareholders, the decisions are made to provide a fair profit on investment. Shareholders are considered as stakeholders of an organization. These ethical values allow for help an organization to maintain a healthy relationship with the shareholders. Stakeholder perspective of business ethics is to perform activities or operations for the benefits of employees as well as society. The decisions of an organization are to be made for satisfying the needs of the stakeholders as well as these decisions have an impact on the people who are twisting with the organization. Stakeholders are included among all those people who are a part of an organization. The key motives of an organization are to provide fair returns to the shareholders as well as to perform its activities with ethical values which are beneficial for all those who are involved with the organization. Therefore, it is apparent that appropriate ethical decisions can be made done shareholder or stakeholder perspective of business ethics (Pfarrer, What is the Purpose of the Firm? Shareholder and Stakeholder Theories). Shareholder perspective is mainly focused on the notion of generating profit for the organization. An organization is functioning with the motive of generating profit and the effectiveness of the organization is determined with the quantity of profit earned as well as on other(a) economic factors. The primary aim of an organization is to enhance the values of the shareholders. The stakeholder perspective should be to serve the people who are involved with the organization with due consideration to the notion of improving the health of the society. This viewpoint of stakeholder should be considered as a top priority above profitability for an organization. There is a vast ethical decisions difference in terms of t he perspectives of shareholders and stakeholders which clashes with profitability and responsibility of an organization (Value Based Management.net, Shareholder Value versus Stakeholders). The ethical values as well as CSR of an organization are to perform activities or operations with the motive of providing fair profit to the shareholder as well as serving an organization in accordance with the appropriate ethic

Berman v. dept of interior - ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Berman v. dept of interior - ethics - Essay ExamplePOGO filed a suit against the oil companies based on this fact, which resulted into the oil companies making a settlement of $440 trillion to the linked States.POGO thereof honored its agreement with Berman and Berman received a check of $383,600, which on the face side of the the check indicated that it is a public dish up portion out to Berman for working for the government. It is on this basis the United States government filed a suit against Berman stating that Berman had violated section 209(a) by using his office for hidden gain since he had accepted the amount from POGO, which is a private entity. This led to his removal from office.Berman appealed the judgment passed, but to no gain. This is because the jury based his ruling on the fact that Berman did not consult any ethics official in the agency for advice before entering into the agreement. His agreement with POGO clearly showed that he intended to use his office for private gain. This showed how reckless Berman was in performing his duties.This exemplar seeks to show how important it is for employees to observe the highest levels of ethical conduct. As evident in this case, despite Bermans 26 years of service in the government and having no record of crime earlier, it was not sufficient to prevent him from losing his job. Therefore, it is important that employees observe appropriate ethical behaviors while at work.This case seeks to show how important it is for the state also to be efficient enough in its duties. It shows that the state was not doing enough to curb fraud in the United States. Such fraud should be exposed at an early stage to avoid wrongful decision-making by the state.POGO argued that oil companies had committed fraud since they had undervalued the oil they got from the federal lands hence, formulating undervalued reports and making undervalued payments to the state in terms of royalties. POGO considered this act as being tot ally unethical to have been

Increased gas prices in the US compared to the Middle East Essay

Increased gas prices in the US compargond to the Middle East - Essay ExampleThe high prices are mainly caused by the supply and demand factor. The demand for crude rock oil has immensely increase which directly affects the gasoline prices at pumps of USA. The supply has not been increased in that proportion. The consumption of gasoline in developing countries like China and India has been significant as the automobile industry is skyrocketing in these countries.The gasoline consumption in USA is about one quarter of the worlds total production. However supply and demand is not only the factor but the superfluous cost which includes taxes, cost of refining crude oil, transportation cost, and the profit to the gasoline dealer is also the reason and contributes about increasing the cost less one-half then cost of gasoline in United States.Rising gas prices is a matter of concern for the USA car manufacturing companies. It is expected that the use of Subways result be increased in the future. This may result in weakening the USA economy as car manufacturers are one of major stakeholders. defy but the most important factor is recent unrest in the Arab World. Although the countries like Egypt, Syria, Jordan are not the major crude oil producers but they quicken significant role in determining the world oil prices.President Obama has put aside the interest shown by some Companies willing to explore oil in Alaska and other areas. The aim of these people was only to increase the domestic exploration. This action of him has resulted in complete shutting down of the present oil cut infrastructure in USA. It is reported that about 103 permits are in waiting list for review. But the Obama administration has not renewed any single explorative drilling plan in the Gulf of Mexico. Moreover Obama administration has also put 7 year ban on the oil exploration in the coastal waters in Atlantic and Pacific coasts and the Eastern Gulf of Mexico.According to the experts

Tobacco Industry Essay Example for Free

Tobacco Industry EssayPhilipMorris Pakistan is beginning to feel a financial pinch, and is already reducing the scale and scope of close to of its manufacturing operations inside the country. In a statement released to the press on Saturday, the play along announced that it will be reducing the operations in its sm exclusivelyest factory, fixed in Mandra, near Rawalpindi. The company cited difficult economic conditions including high taxes and low consumer purchasing power as a primary reason for the decision. The decision was expound by Philip Morris as difficult, but necessary. Among the key factors that specifically affected Mandra was a government regulation known as SRO 863(I), a 2010 law that effectively bans the trade and sales of the smaller 10-cigarette packs, which were the mainstay of the companys operations near Rawalpindi. Given the fact that Mandra is the companys smallest factory, and that its main product is now illegal, the running(a) costs per cigarette a t the plant would effectively become too high to be sustainable. The main activity of the factory has become obsolete, said the company in its statement. It, however, declined to say whether the factory would be completely shut down.Philip Morris did not disclose how many of its 2,363 employees in Pakistan work in Mandra and how many of them would be fixed off. The company did, however, state that it would be paying the laid off workers a severance package that would exceed the legal minimum requirements. We are committed to ensuring that all retrenched employees are treated fairly and with dignity, and genuinely appreciate the contributions that each and every employee has made over the years, said Arpad Konye, the managing director at Philip Morris Pakistan, in the statement released to the press.The troubles at the Mandra facility are the latest in Philip Morris woes in Pakistan. The company had been operating as a joint venture with the Lakson Group (the parent company of ampe re-second Publications, the publisher of The Express Tribune) until 2007. In that year, the global company bought out its local partners share to retain well over 97% of the Pakistani subsidiary. (The remainder is listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange). The acquisition, however, does not appear to have turned out well. Profits have gone from Rs1. billion in 2007 to Rs573 million in 2010, a nearly 62% drop. The year 2011 appears to have gone even worse, with the company earning a net loss of Rs284 million for the first three canton of the year, ending September 30, 2011.Philip Morris Pakistan has perennially been the number two player in the Pakistani tobacco industry, outshone by the Pakistan Tobacco Company, the local subsidiary of British American Tobacco. Industry insiders say that Pakistan Tobacco has better market penetration with its higher-end brands than Philip Morris. Philip Morris got into a cut-through price war with Pakistan Tobacco over the lower-end brands, said one pe rson old(prenominal) with the matter. And Pakistan Tobacco has an unassailable advantage on the higher-end segment of the market because of their Benson amp Hedges and Gold Leaf brands. Philip Morris appears to have come out the worst of that price war, with revenues declining by 3. 9% to Rs24. 7 billion during the first nine months of 2011. By contrast, Pakistan Tobaccos revenues went up by 12. 3% to Rs49. 9 billion during the same period.

Police Training Essay Example for Free

Police Training EssayNowadays paid learn is paid more charge as it is one of the best ways to increase job commitment and enhance performance. I think that all natural law ships officers should have free approach to formal and informal courses, seminars devoted to violent death investigation, interrelations, and criminal laws. The training programs should cover also the principle of supervision and civil liability. Training plays crucial use in todays constabulary work because training ensures not however organizational efficiency, but also increases effectiveness and productivity of all police surgical incisions. It goes without saying that it is hardly possible to except effective work from untrained police officers. Moreover, community doesnt feel safe if they realize that their police officers arent skillful and experienced enough to defend them when necessary. Nevertheless, state funding isnt enough to solve training dilemma because of lack of money assigned to clo g training programs. Without money and proper funding it would be difficult to solve the problem.The purpose of training is to promote occupational and professional development of police department through specialized job-related programs. Nevertheless, training differs signifi faecestly from education because training is so-called study in the do by. Education provides only theoretical background of the particular situations, whereas training develops practical skills and acquirements in real situations. However, I think that training is the second step after education as the officer should firstly realize the aspects of actions and only then should master his skills.Harry More defines training as something like an inchoate crime. He means that training is continuous process and cant be ever fully accomplished. Training is always a process. Education provides knowledge and training applies it to specific situations. The goals of trainings areTo improve police officers performances and job commitmentTo develop the sense of responsibility in police officers.It is necessary to underline that training is designed to help individuals to cope infract with challenging duties and responsibilities. Simply saying, training helps to perform job better. Training is claimed to be unique because it suggests unity within particular organization. According to More and Miller, modern police training is based on the following philosophical foundationsPositive action is ensured when accompanied by acquired skills and penuryLearning process depends not only motivation and personal abilities, but also on the instructional methods, behavior of the trainers and the climate within departmentTraining is considered tripartite responsibilityTraining is continuous process requiring constant updating of skills and knowledge.Finally, it is important to document all formal and informal training because it helps to identify what type of training is actually needed. Documenting is defined as job analysis aimed at ensuring the relevance of training. While documenting it becomes possible to identify the tasks performed by the person who holds the position. Also documenting ensures easy assessment of training programs. Tasks analysis helps police officers to adjudicate whether the training program is professional enough to provide skills and knowledge required for particular job.In conclusion it is necessary to note that training develops the following professional skills in police officers interpersonal communication skills, perception and awareness, decision-making ad critical thinking, adaptability and definitiveness, oral and written communication skills.

Prejudice Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Prejudice Worksheet EssayPart I Select three of the identity categories below and name or gravel out at least 3 cogitate stereotypes for each Race Ethnicity Religion Gender Sexual orientation Age Disability Category Stereotype 1 Stereotype 2 Stereotype 3 Race People say black people argon lazy. People say white people are smart People say Jews are cheap but and blonds are dumb. rich. Religion Wiccan Pentacle Study, worship theGothic people are very unearthly and Muslims are terrorist and women devil. violent.are beneath them. Sexual Orientation When someone see a feminine man When someone sees masculine women People say homosexuality is wrong and c any him gay. she is a lesbian. and immoral. Part II Answer each question in 50 to 100 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What are the positive aspects of stereotypes, if any? The aspects of positive stereotypes can be positive if a person know the difference and h ave the knowledge to understand what a person may be stating.If we prefer to someone as a jock we are acknowledging that this person is into sports. A person that is known to be favorite(a) to by Gothic or Punk is because of the type of music they listen to and the type of clothing they wear. Usually no one is offended by this because it is literal and evident and these are positive aspects of stereotypes. What are the negative aspects of stereotypes? The negative aspects of stereotypes are the lack of understanding, the ignorance, and the labeling of someone to hurt their feelings as an individual or a theme of people.A person may see a female with a short hair cut like a man and call them a dike without getting to know who that person is and assuming that this is what they are. Part III Answer each question in 50 to 150 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. Define stereotypes and injury. What is the difference between stereotyping a nd prejudice? Use examples to illustrate the differences. Stereotype is something conforming to a fixed or general pattern, a standardized mental picture that is held in common by members of a group and that represents an oversimplified opinions, prejudiced military posture, or uncritical judgment.Prejudice is prejudgment and negative attitude based on sex, race, age, sexual orientation, nationality, socioeconomic status, and religion towards an individual or group of people. The difference between stereotype and prejudice is that stereotype is standardized beliefs rough people based on some prior assumptions. Prejudice is a type of judgment or assumption about somebody before having qualified knowledge to judge with accuracy. Example of stereotype is all policemen eat donuts.Example of prejudice is an organization that hires more males and reject females are known to be prejudice. What is the human relationship between stereotyping and prejudice? The relationship between stereo typing and prejudice is that stereotyping promotes prejudice and that prejudice reduction depends on stereotype change. Prejudice also influences the extent of stereotyping. The important divinatory tradition posits that this effect emerges because prejudice encourages the use of stereotypes as a means to justify societal inequality (e.g. , Allport, 1954 Katz Braly, 1933 Lippmann, 1922).What can be done to maintain prejudice from occurring? Intolerance stems from ignorance and arrogance this go hand in hand and people need to understand and have the knowledge not to pre-judge people. In order to prevent prejudice from occurring we need to begin now with the way we are raising our children and teach them not to be judgmental and preconceive people before we get to know someone.Teach them not to assume to not like someone because of the color of their skin or where they come from. People are people no matter what they may look like, getting to know a person is very important and no t to judge a book by its cover. pack rallies of all race and culture so people can have a founder understanding of others. It starts at home teach your children a better way so that they will understand life in a better perspective. Reference Voices. yahoo. com/stereotyping, Psychology. about. com, www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary, azam. org.

Performance Measure of PCA and DCT for Images

Performance Measure of PCA and DCT for ImagesGenerally, in Image Processing the displacement is the basic technique that we apply in order to study the characteristics of the Image under s give nonice. Under this process here we present a method in which we ar analyzing the performance of the ii methods namely, PCA and DCT. In this thesis we atomic number 18 going to analyze the system by first of all nurture the set for particular n angiotensin converting enzyme Of characters and then analyzing the performance for the two methods by calculating the error in this two methods.This thesis referred and tested the PCA and DCT shiftation techniques.PCA is a technique which involves a use which mathematically veers numerate of probably related parameters into smaller number of parameters whose evaluates dont change called jumper cable parcels. The pristine capitulum component grades for much variability in the selective information, and separately succeeding component a ccounts for much of the remaining variability. Depending on the application field, it is also called the separate Karhunen-Love transform (KLT), the Hotelling transform or proper orthogonal hogwash (POD).DCT expresses a series of finitely m any(prenominal) selective information points in damage of a message of cosine functions oscillating at different frequencies.Transformations be big to numerous applications in science and engineering, from lossy condensing of audio and patterns (where small high-frequency components send away be discarded), to spectral methods for the numerical solution of partial differential equations.CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1 IntroductionOver the past few years, several face experience systems have been proposed based on principal components depth psychology (PCA) 14, 8, 13, 15, 1, 10, 16, 6. Although the details vary, these systems can all be expositd in terms of the same preprocessing and run-time steps. During preprocessing, they register a impulsi on of m reproduction get a lines to each another(prenominal) and unroll each image into a vector of n pixel levers. Next, the base image for the purport is subtracted from eachand the resulting centered images are placed in a gallery hyaloplasm M. Element i j of M is the ith pixel from the jth image. A covariance intercellular substance W = MMT characterizes the distri only whenion of the m images in n. A subset of the Eigenvectors of W are use as the alkali vectors for a subspace in which to compare gallery and novel probe images. When sorted by decreasing Eigen regard as, the full set of unit length Eigenvectors map an orthonormal basis where the first direction corresponds to the direction of maximum variance in the images, the second the next outstandingst variance, etc. These basis vectors are the Principle Components of the gallery images. erst the Eigenspace is computed, the centered gallery images are projected into this subspace. At run-time, recognition is acc omplished by projecting a centeredprobe image into the subspace and the nearest gallery image to the probe image is selected as its match. There are umpteen differences in the systems referenced. Some systems as tallye that the images are registered prior to face recognition 15, 10, 11, 16 among the rest, a variety of techniques are employ to identify s sluiceth cranial nerve lark abouts and register them to each other. Different systems may use different distance measures when matching probe images to the nearest gallery image. Different systems select different numbers of Eigenvectors (usually those like to the largest k Eigenvalues) in order to compress the information and to improve accuracy by eliminating Eigenvectors corresponding to noise rather than opineingful variation. To help evaluate and compare individual steps of the face recognition process, Moon and Phillips created the FERET face database, and performed initial comparisons of some super C distance measures for otherwise identical systems 10, 11, 9. This paper extends their work on, presenting gain ground comparisons of distance measures over the FERET database and examining alternative way of selecting subsets of Eigenvectors. The Principal Component abbreviation (PCA) is one of the most palmy techniques that have been used in image recognition and compression. PCA is a statistical method under the broad title of factor epitome. The exercise of PCA is to reduce the large dimensionality of the data space (observed variables) to the smaller intrinsic dimensionality of feature space (independent variables), which are needed to describe the data economically. This is the case when there is a strong correlational statistics between observed variables. The jobs which PCA can do are prediction, redundancy removal, feature extraction, data compression, etc. Because PCA is a classical technique which can do something in the linear domain, applications having linear models are suitable , much(prenominal) as signal processing, image processing, system and control theory, communications, etc. Face recognition has many applicable areas. Moreover, it can be categorized into face identification, face classification, or sex determination. The most multipurpose applications contain crowd surveillance, video content indexing, personal identification (ex. drivers license), mugful shots matching, entrance security, etc. The main idea of using PCA for face recognition is to express the large 1-D vector of pixels constructed from 2-D facial image into the compact principal components of the feature space. This can be called eigen space projection. Eigen space is calculated by identifying the eigenvectors of the covariance ground substance derived from a set of facial images(vectors). The details are described in the by-line section.PCA computes the basis of a space which is redeed by its training vectors. These basis vectors, actually eigenvectors, computed by PCA are i n the direction of the largest variance of the training vectors. As it has been said earlier, we call them eigenfaces. Each eigenface can be viewed a feature. When a particular face is projected onto the face space, its vector into the face space describe the importance of each of those features in the face. The face is expressed in the face space by its eigenface coefficients (or weights). We can handle a large input vector, facial image, only by taking its small weight vector in the face space. This opines that we can reconstruct the original face with some error, since the dimensionality of the image space is much larger than that of face space.A face recognition system using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) algorithm. Automatic face recognition systems try to find the identity element of a disposed(p) face image according to their memory. The memory of a face recognizer is generally simulated by a training set. In this project, our training set consists of the feature s extracted from known face images of different persons. Thus, the task of the face recognizer is to find the most similar feature vector among the training set to the feature vector of a given up test image. Here, we want to recognize the identity of a person where an image of that person (test image) is given to the system. You impart use PCA as a feature extraction algorithm in this project. In the training phase, you should extract feature vectors for each image in the training set. Let A be a training image of person A which has a pixel resolution of M N (M rows, N columns). In order to extract PCA features of A, you will first convert the image into a pixel vector A by concatenating each of the M rows into a individual vector. The length (or, dimensionality) of the vector A will be M N. In this project, you will use the PCA algorithm as a dimensionality reduction technique which transforms the vector A to a vector A which has a imensionality d where d M N. For each trai ning image i, you should calculate and store these feature vectors i. In the recognition phase (or, testing phase), you will be given a test image j of a known person. Let j be the identity (name) of this person. As in the training phase, you should compute the feature vector of this person using PCA and obtain j . In order to identify j , you should compute the similarities between j and all of the feature vectors is in the training set. The similarity between feature vectors can be computed using Euclidean distance. The identity of the most similar i will be the output of our face recognizer. If i = j, it sozzleds that we have correctly identified the person j, otherwise if i 6= j, it soakeds that we have misclassified the person j.1.2 Thesis structureThis thesis work is divided into five chapters as follows.Chapter 1 IntroductionThis introductory chapter is in brief explains the procedure of transformation in the Face Recognition and its applications. And here we explained the scope of this research. And finally it gives the structure of the thesis for friendly usage.Chapter 2 Basis of Transformation Techniques.This chapter gives an intro to the Transformation techniques. In this chapter we have introduced two transformation techniques for which we are going to perform the analysis and result are used for face recognition purposeChapter 3 Discrete Cosine TransformationIn this chapter we have continued the part from chapter 2 about transformations. In this other method ie., DCT is introduced and analysis is makeChapter 4 Implementation and resultsThis chapter presents the simulated results of the face recognition analysis using MATLAB. And it gives the explanation for each and all step of the design of face recognition analysis and it gives the tested results of the transformation algorithms.Chapter 5 Conclusion and Future workThis is the final chapter in this thesis. Here, we conclude our research and discussed about the achieved results of this resea rch work and suggested future work for this research.CHAPTER 2BASICs of Image Transform Techniques2.1 IntroductionNow a days Image Processing has been gained so much of importance that in every field of science we apply image processing for the purpose of security as rise up as increasing demand for it. Here we apply two different transformation techniques in order study the performance which will be helpful in the detection purpose. The computation of the performance of the image given for testing is performed in two stepsPCA (Principal Component Analysis)DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform)2.2 Principal Component AnalysisPCA is a technique which involves a procedure which mathematically transforms number of possibly gibe variables into smaller number of uncorrelated variables called principal components. The first principal component accounts for much variability in the data, and each succeeding component accounts for much of the remaining variability. Depending on the application fi eld, it is also called the distinguishable Karhunen-Love transform (KLT), the Hotelling transform or proper orthogonal decomposition (POD).Now PCA is mostly used as a tool in exploration of data analysis and for making prognostic models. PCA also involves calculation for the Eigen value decomposition of a data covariance matrix or singular value decomposition of a data matrix, usually after mean centring the data from each attri simplye. The results of this analysis technique are usually shown in terms of component scores and also as loadings.PCA is solid Eigen based multivariate analysis. Its action can be termed in terms of as edifying the inner arrangement of the data in a shape which give details of the mean and variance in the data. If there is any multivariate data then its visualized as a set if coordinates in a multi dimensional data space, this algorithm allows the users having pictures with a lower expression reveal a shadow of object in view from a higher aspect view w hich reveals the true informative nature of the object.PCA is very most related to aspect analysis, some statistical software packages purposely conflict the two techniques. True aspect analysis makes different assumptions about the original mannequin and then solves eigenvectors of a little different medium.2.2.1 PCA ImplementationPCA is mathematically delineate as an orthogonal linear transformation technique that transforms data to a novel coordinate system, such that the greatest variance from any projection of data comes to lie on the first coordinate, the second greatest variance on the second coordinate, and so on. PCA is theoretically the optimum transform technique for given data in least square terms.For a data matrix, XT, with zero empirical mean ie., the empirical mean of the distribution has been subtracted from the data set, where each row represents a different repetition of the experiment, and each column gives the results from a particular probe, the PCA transfo rmation is given byWhere the matrix is an m-by-n diagonal matrix, where diagonal elements ae non-negative and WVT is the singular value decomposition ofX.Given a set of points in Euclidean space, the first principal component part corresponds to the line that passes through the mean and minimizes the sum of squared errors with those points. The second principal component corresponds to the same part after all the correlation terms with the first principal component has been subtracted from the points. Each Eigen value indicates the part of the variance ie., correlated with each eigenvector. Thus, the sum of all the Eigen values is equal to the sum of squared distance of the points with their mean divided by the number of dimensions. PCA rotates the set of points around its mean in order to align it with the first few principal components. This moves as much of the variance as possible into the first few dimensions. The values in the remaining dimensions tend to be very highly corre lated and may be dropped with minimal loss of information. PCA is used for dimensionality reduction. PCA is optimal linear transformation technique for keeping the subspace which has largest variance. This advantage comes with the price of greater computational requirement. In distinguishable cosine transform, Non-linear dimensionality reduction techniques tend to be more computationally demanding in comparison with PCA.Mean subtraction is necessary in performing PCA to break that the first principal component describes the direction of maximum variance. If mean subtraction is not performed, the first principal component will instead correspond to the mean of the data. A mean of zero is needed for finding a basis that minimizes the mean square error of the approximation of the data.Assuming zero empirical mean (the empirical mean of the distribution has been subtracted from the data set), the principal component w1 of a data set x can be delineate asWith the first k1 component, t he kth component can be found by subtracting the first k 1 principal components from xand by substituting this as the new data set to find a principal component inThe other transform is therefore equivalent to finding the singular value decomposition of the data matrix X,and then obtaining the space data matrix Y by projecting X down into the reduced space defined by only the first L singular vectors, WLThe matrix W of singular vectors of X is equivalently the matrix W of eigenvectors of the matrix of observed covariances C = X XT,The eigenvectors with the highest eigen values correspond to the dimensions that have the strongest correlation in the data set (see Rayleigh quotient).PCA is equivalent to empirical orthogonal functions (EOF), a name which is used in meteorology.An auto-encoder neuronic network with a linear hidden layer is similar to PCA. Upon convergence, the weight vectors of the K neurons in the hidden layer will form a basis for the space spanned by the first K pri ncipal components. Unlike PCA, this technique will not necessarily produce orthogonal vectors.PCA is a popular primary technique in pattern recognition. But its not optimized for class separability. An alternative is the linear discriminant analysis, which does take this into account.2.2.2 PCA Properties and LimitationsPCA is theoretically the optimal linear scheme, in terms of least mean square error, for compressing a set of high dimensional vectors into a set of lower dimensional vectors and then reconstructing the original set. It is a non-parametric analysis and the answer is unique and independent of any hypothesis about data probability distribution. However, the latter two properties are regarded as weakness as wholesome as strength, in that being non-parametric, no prior knowledge can be incorporated and that PCA compressions often incur loss of information.The applicability of PCA is limited by the assumptions5 made in its derivation. These assumptions areWe assumed the o bserved data set to be linear combinings of certain basis. Non-linear methods such as kernel PCA have been real without assuming linearity.PCA uses the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix and it only finds the independent axes of the data under the Gaussian assumption. For non-Gaussian or multi-modal Gaussian data, PCA obviously de-correlates the axes. When PCA is used for clustering, its main limitation is that it does not account for class separability since it makes no use of the class label of the feature vector. There is no guarantee that the directions of maximum variance will contain good features for discrimination.PCA simply performs a coordinate rotation that aligns the transformed axes with the directions of maximum variance. It is only when we believe that the observed data has a high signal-to-noise ratio that the principal components with larger variance correspond to interesting dynamics and lower ones correspond to noise.2.2.3 Computing PCA with covariance method Following is a detailed description of PCA using the covariance method . The intention is to transform a given data set X of dimension M to an alternative data set Y of smaller dimension L. Equivalently we are seeking to find the matrix Y, where Y is the KLT of matrix XOrganize the data setSuppose you have data comprising a set of observations of M variables, and you want to reduce the data so that each observation can be described with only L variables, L Write as column vectors, each of which has M rows.Place the column vectors into a single matrix X of dimensions M - N.Calculate the empirical meanFind the empirical mean along each dimension m = 1,,M.Place the calculated mean values into an empirical mean vector u of dimensions M - 1.Calculate the deviations from the meanMean subtraction is an integral part of the solution towards finding a principal component basis that minimizes the mean square error of approximating the data. Hence we play along by centering the data as follo wsSubtract the empirical mean vector u from each column of the data matrix X.Store mean-subtracted data in the M - N matrix B.where h is a 1-N row vector of all1sFind the covariance matrixFind the M - M empirical covariance matrix C from the outer product of matrix B with itselfwhereis the expected value operator,is the outer product operator, andis the conjugate transpose operator. enchant note that the information in this section is indeed a bit fuzzy. Outer products apply to vectors, for tensor cases we should apply tensor products, but the covariance matrix in PCA, is a sum of outer products between its sample vectors, indeed it could be represented as B.B*. See the covariance matrix sections on the discussion page for more information.Find the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the covariance matrixCompute the matrix V of eigenvectors which diagonalizes the covariance matrix Cwhere D is the diagonal matrix of eigenvalues of C. This step will typically involve the use of a computer -based algorithm for computing eigenvectors and eigenvalues. These algorithms are readily available as sub-components of most matrix algebra systems, such as MATLAB78, Mathematica9, SciPy, IDL(Interactive Data Language), or GNU Octave as well as OpenCV.Matrix D will take the form of an M - M diagonal matrix, whereis the mth eigenvalue of the covariance matrix C, andMatrix V, also of dimension M - M, contains M column vectors, each of length M, which represent the M eigenvectors of the covariance matrix C.The eigenvalues and eigenvectors are ordered and paired. The mth eigenvalue corresponds to the mth eigenvector.Rearrange the eigenvectors and eigenvaluesSort the columns of the eigenvector matrix V and eigenvalue matrix D in order of decreasing eigenvalue.Make sure to maintain the correct pairings between the columns in each matrix.Compute the cumulative energy content for each eigenvectorThe eigenvalues represent the distribution of the source datas energy among each of the eigenve ctors, where the eigenvectors form a basis for the data. The cumulative energy content g for the mth eigenvector is the sum of the energy content crosswise all of the eigenvalues from 1 through mSelect a subset of the eigenvectors as basis vectorsSave the first L columns of V as the M - L matrix WwhereUse the vector g as a guide in choosing an appropriate value for L. The goal is to choose a value of L as small as possible while achieving a reasonably high value of g on a percentage basis. For example, you may want to choose L so that the cumulative energy g is above a certain threshold, like 90 percent. In this case, choose the smallest value of L such thatConvert the source data to z-scoresCreate an M - 1 empirical standard deviation vector s from the square foundation of each element along the main diagonal of the covariance matrix CCalculate the M - N z-score matrix(divide element-by-element)Note While this step is useful for various applications as it normalizes the data set w ith respect to its variance, it is not integral part of PCA/KLTProject the z-scores of the data onto the new basisThe projected vectors are the columns of the matrixW* is the conjugate transpose of the eigenvector matrix.The columns of matrix Y represent the Karhunen-Loeve transforms (KLT) of the data vectors in the columns of matrixX.2.2.4 PCA DerivationLet X be a d-dimensional random vector expressed as column vector. Without loss of generality, assume X has zero mean. We want to find a Orthonormal transformation matrix P such thatwith the constraint thatis a diagonal matrix andBy substitution, and matrix algebra, we obtainWe now haveRewrite P as d column vectors, soand asSubstituting into equation above, we obtainNotice that in , Pi is an eigenvector of the covariance matrix of X. Therefore, by finding the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix of X, we find a projection matrix P that satisfies the original constraints.CHAPTER 3DISCRETE Cosine transform3.1 IntroductionA discrete c osine transform (DCT) expresses a sequence of finitely many data points in terms of a sum of cosine functions oscillating at different frequencies. DCTs are important to numerous applications in engineering, from lossy compression of audio and images, to spectral methods for the numerical solution of partial differential equations. The use of cosine rather than sine functions is critical in these applications for compression, it turns out that cosine functions are much more efficient, whereas for differential equations the cosines express a particular choice of boundary conditions.In particular, a DCT is a Fourier-related transform similar to the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), but using only real numbers. DCTs are equivalent to DFTs of roughly twice the length, operating on real data with even symmetry (since the Fourier transform of a real and even function is real and even), where in some variants the input and/or output data are shifted by half a sample. There are eight standa rd DCT variants, of which four are common.The most common variant of discrete cosine transform is the type-II DCT, which is often called simply the DCT its inverse, the type-III DCT, is correspondingly often called simply the inverse DCT or the IDCT. Two related transforms are the discrete sine transforms (DST), which is equivalent to a DFT of real and odd functions, and the modified discrete cosine transforms (MDCT), which is based on a DCT of overlapping data.3.2 DCT formsFormally, the discrete cosine transform is a linear, invertible function F RN - RN, or equivalently an invertible N - N square matrix. There are several variants of the DCT with slightly modified definitions. The N real numbers x0, , xN-1 are transformed into the N real numbers X0, , XN-1 according to one of the formulasDCT-ISome authors further multiply the x0 and xN-1 terms by 2, and correspondingly multiply the X0 and XN-1 terms by 1/2. This makes the DCT-I matrix orthogonal, if one further multiplies by an ov erall scale factor of , but breaks the direct correspondence with a real-even DFT.The DCT-I is exactly equivalent, to a DFT of 2N 2 real numbers with even symmetry. For example, a DCT-I of N=5 real numbers abcde is exactly equivalent to a DFT of eight real numbers abcdedcb, divided by two.Note, however, that the DCT-I is not defined for N less than 2.Thus, the DCT-I corresponds to the boundary conditions xn is even around n=0 and even around n=N-1 similarly for Xk.DCT-IIThe DCT-II is probably the most commonly used form, and is often simply referred to as the DCT.This transform is exactly equivalent to a DFT of 4N real inputs of even symmetry where the even-indexed elements are zero. That is, it is half of the DFT of the 4N inputs yn, where y2n = 0, y2n + 1 = xn for , and y4N n = yn for 0 Some authors further multiply the X0 term by 1/2 and multiply the resulting matrix by an overall scale factor of . This makes the DCT-II matrix orthogonal, but breaks the direct correspondence wi th a real-even DFT of half-shifted input.The DCT-II implies the boundary conditions xn is even around n=-1/2 and even around n=N-1/2 Xk is even around k=0 and odd around k=N.DCT-IIIBecause it is the inverse of DCT-II (up to a scale factor, see below), this form is sometimes simply referred to as the inverse DCT (IDCT).Some authors further multiply the x0 term by 2 and multiply the resulting matrix by an overall scale factor of , so that the DCT-II and DCT-III are transposes of one another. This makes the DCT-III matrix orthogonal, but breaks the direct correspondence with a real-even DFT of half-shifted output.The DCT-III implies the boundary conditions xn is even around n=0 and odd around n=N Xk is even around k=-1/2 and even around k=N-1/2.DCT-IVThe DCT-IV matrix becomes orthogonal if one further multiplies by an overall scale factor of .A variant of the DCT-IV, where data from different transforms are overlapped, is called the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) (Malvar, 19 92).The DCT-IV implies the boundary conditions xn is even around n=-1/2 and odd around n=N-1/2 similarly for Xk.DCT V-VIIIDCT types I-IV are equivalent to real-even DFTs of even order, since the corresponding DFT is of length 2(N1) (for DCT-I) or 4N (for DCT-II/III) or 8N (for DCT-VIII). In principle, there are actually four additional types of discrete cosine transform, corresponding essentially to real-even DFTs of logically odd order, which have factors of N in the denominators of the cosine arguments.Equivalently, DCTs of types I-IV imply boundaries that are even/odd around any a data point for both boundaries or halfway between two data points for both boundaries. DCTs of types V-VIII imply boundaries that even/odd around a data point for one boundary and halfway between two data points for the other boundary.However, these variants seem to be rarely used in practice. ace reason, perhaps, is that FFT algorithms for odd-length DFTs are generally more complicated than FFT algor ithms for even-length DFTs (e.g. the simplest radix-2 algorithms are only for even lengths), and this increased intricacy carries over to the DCTs as described below.Inverse transformsUsing the normalisation conventions above, the inverse of DCT-I is DCT-I multiplied by 2/(N-1). The inverse of DCT-IV is DCT-IV multiplied by 2/N. The inverse of DCT-II is DCT-III multiplied by 2/N and vice versa. give care for the DFT, the normalization factor in front of these transform definitions is merely a convention and differs between treatments. For example, some authors multiply the transforms by so that the inverse does not require any additional multiplicative factor. Combined with appropriate factors of 2 (see above), this can be used to make the transform matrix orthogonal. 4-dimensional DCTsMultidimensional variants of the various DCT types follow straightforwardly from the one-dimensional definitions they are simply a separable product (equivalently, a composition) of DCTs along each d imension.For example, a two-dimensional DCT-II of an image or a matrix is simply the one-dimensional DCT-II, from above, performed along the rows and then along the columns (or vice versa). That is, the 2d DCT-II is given by the formula (omitting normalization and other scale factors, as above)Two-dimensional DCT frequenciesTechnically, computing a two- (or multi-) dimensional DCT by sequences of one-dimensional DCTs along each dimension is known as a row-column algorithm. As with multidimensional FFT algorithms, however, there exist other methods to compute the same thing while performing the computations in a different order.The inverse of a multi-dimensional DCT is retributory a separable product of the inverse(s) of the corresponding one-dimensional DCT(s), e.g. the one-dimensional inverses applied along one dimension at a time in a row-column algorithm.The image to the right shows combination of horizontal and vertical frequencies for an 8 x 8 (N1 = N2 = 8) two-dimensional DCT . Each step from left to right and top to base is an increase in frequency by 1/2 cycle. For example, moving right one from the top-left square yields a half-cycle increase in the horizontal frequency. other move to the right yields two half-cycles. A move down yields two half-cycles horizontally and a half-cycle vertically. The source data (88) is transformed to a linear combination of these 64 frequency squares.Chapter 4IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS4.1 IntroductionIn previous chapters (chapter 2 and chapter 3), we get the theoretical knowledge about the Principal Component Analysis and Discrete Cosine Transform. In our thesis work we have seen the analysis of both transform. To execute these tasks we chosen a platform called MATLAB, stands for matrix laboratory. It is an efficient expression for Digital image processing. The image processing toolbox in MATLAB is a collection of different MATAB functions that extend the capability of the MATLAB environment for the solution of digit al image processing problems. 134.2 Practical implementation of Performance analysisAs discussed earlier we are going to perform analysis for the two transform methods, to the images as,